{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T02:34:51Z","timestamp":1768790091842,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,5]],"date-time":"2018-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1533427200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5K22AI087703"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5K22AI087703"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Anesthesia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Infraorbital nerve blocks are often performed for the management of postoperative pain associated with cleft lip correction. Infraorbital nerve block procedures depend on the identification of the infraorbital foramen; however, there is little information regarding the infraorbital foramen location in the pediatric population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of this study was to identify the location of the infraorbital foramen in the pediatric population relative to a midpoint between the nasospinale and jugale.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study assessed the location of 152 infraorbital foramina relative to a midpoint between the nasospinale and J on dry crania. Crania were from individuals ranging in age\u2010at\u2010death from 6\u2010month fetal to 18\u00a0years. The population was subdivided into fetal\/infant (\u22656\u00a0months fetal age\u2010&lt;2\u00a0years), child (\u22652\u2010&lt;12\u00a0years), and adolescent (\u226512\u2010\u226418\u00a0years) groups for comparison.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The average distance of the infraorbital foramen from the nasospinale\u2010to\u2010jugale midpoint was 1.55\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.78\u00a0mm (Mean\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0SD) in the fetal\/infant group, 0.80\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.91\u00a0mm in the child group, and 1.31\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.68\u00a0mm in the adolescent group. Furthermore, infraorbital foramina tended to be located medial to the nasospinale\u2010to\u2010jugale midpoint in the fetal\/infant population, directly upon or superomedial to the nasospinale\u2010to\u2010jugale midpoint in the child population, and directly upon or superior\/superolateral to the nasospinale\u2010to\u2010jugale midpoint in the adolescent population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The infraorbital foramen was located within 2\u00a0mm, on average, from the nasospinale\u2010to\u2010jugale midpoint regardless of age group. Therefore, the nasospinale\u2010to\u2010jugale midpoint may serve as useful means of identifying the location of the infraorbital foramen in the pediatric population and aid in optimizing infraorbital nerve block procedures. The information in this report is valuable in general, but may be particularly useful in developing countries where there is a lack of ultrasound training and availability for health care providers; or places where infraorbital nerve block may be the sole anesthetic modality for cleft lip surgery, even among adolescent patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.13422","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,7]],"date-time":"2018-08-07T07:58:08Z","timestamp":1533628688000},"page":"697-702","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Infraorbital foramen location in the pediatric population: A guide for infraorbital nerve block"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2578-1128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew J.","family":"Zdilla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics West Liberty University West Liberty WV USA"},{"name":"Department of Graduate Health Sciences West Liberty University West Liberty WV USA"},{"name":"Department of Pathology Anatomy, and Laboratory Medicine (PALM) West Virginia University School of Medicine Morgantown WV USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michelle L.","family":"Russell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics West Liberty University West Liberty WV USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aaron W.","family":"Koons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics West Liberty University West Liberty WV 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