{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T23:56:51Z","timestamp":1788998211300,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,19]],"date-time":"2019-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1560902400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Anesthesia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Age\u2010related pediatric airway dimension reference values for cricoid, tracheal, and bronchial diameters as well as tracheal and bronchial lengths are essential for distinguishing normal from pathological airway findings and for manufacturing and selecting appropriately sized airway equipment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of this work was to summarize and present existing pediatric airway dimension data for the larynx, trachea, and main stem bronchi from fetus to adolescence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A systematic literature search was carried out using PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Google Scholar. Publications containing original data on pediatric airway dimensions as mean or median in tabular form and spanning narrow age groups of 1 or 2\u00a0years were included in our study. Original data such as diameters, lengths, and cross\u2010sectional areas of trachea, cricoid, left and right main bronchi in fetuses and children were collected and presented as figures.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pediatric airway dimension data were gathered and compiled from 15 studies fulfilling the inclusion criteria. Data were obtained from different measurement methods such as autopsy, chest X\u2010ray, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, rigid and flexible bronchoscopy as well as ultrasound examinations. There was considerable variation among age\u2010related data due to biologic heterogeneity, different presentation of data, different definitions, and various measurement techniques.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This investigation revealed heterogeneous data on pediatric airway dimensions, making it impossible to compile them into standard reference values for airway dimensions. New studies with structured and standardized measurements and data presentation in large populations of children are required to provide more valid pediatric airway dimension data.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.13665","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,14]],"date-time":"2019-05-14T07:34:46Z","timestamp":1557819286000},"page":"782-789","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Pediatric airway dimensions\u2014A summary and presentation of existing data"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2301-1373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mital H.","family":"Dave","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Children's Research Center University Children's Hospital Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Kemper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Children's Research Center University Children's Hospital Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4114-6957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander R.","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Children's Research Center University Children's Hospital Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian P.","family":"Both","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Children's Research Center University Children's Hospital Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5822-9591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markus","family":"Weiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Children's Research Center University Children's Hospital Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2018.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9592.2004.01316.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/XAA.0000000000000448"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","first-page":"861","article-title":"Tracheal diameter predicts double\u2010lumen tube size: a method for selecting left double\u2010lumen tubes","volume":"82","author":"Brodsky JB","year":"1996","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","first-page":"41","article-title":"Paediatric bronchoscopy","volume":"5","author":"Roberts S","year":"2005","journal-title":"BJA Educ"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.146.2.233"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aeh294"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.12896"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","first-page":"203","article-title":"Cricoid ring: Shape, size and variability in infants and children. 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