{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T21:43:51Z","timestamp":1782164631576,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,2]],"date-time":"2020-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585785600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Anesthesia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Clonidine is used off\u2010label in children but only limited pediatric pharmacokinetic data are available for intravenously administered clonidine.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To determine pharmacokinetic parameter estimates of clonidine in healthy children undergoing surgery and to investigate age\u2010related differences. Furthermore, to investigate possible pharmacokinetic differences of clonidine between this group of children and a cohort with cardiac diseases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In a randomized placebo\u2010controlled trial (The PREVENT AGITATION trial), blood samples for clonidine pharmacokinetic analysis were collected in a proportion of the enrolled patients. Healthy children with ASA score 1\u20102 in the age\u2010groups 1 to &lt;2\u00a0years and 2\u20105\u00a0years were randomized for blood sampling. Clonidine was administered as a single intravenous bolus of 3\u00a0\u00b5g\/kg intraoperatively. Blood samples were drawn at baseline, 5, 10, 15, 30, 60\u00a0minutes after dosing and additionally every hour until discharge from the PACU. Clonidine analysis was performed on liquid chromatography\u2010mass spectrometry.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data form eighteen children were available for pharmacokinetic analysis (ASA I; male\/female: 17\/1; age: 1\u20105\u00a0years; weight 8.7\u201024\u00a0kg). Population parameter estimates for the 2\u2010compartment model were similar to previous published data for children who underwent cardiac surgery. A pooled analysis including data from 59 children indicated clearance of 14.4\u00a0L\u00a0h<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\u00a070\u00a0kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> and volume of distribution of 192.6\u00a0L\u00a070\u00a0kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>. No age\u2010related pharmacokinetic differences and no difference in time from administration of study medication to awakening were found. Children 1 to &lt;2\u00a0years had a shorter PACU stay than children 2\u20105\u00a0years (mean difference 17% 95% CI:3%\u201034%, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.02).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pharmacokinetic parameter estimates were similar for children undergoing general surgery and cardiac surgery given a single dose of intravenous clonidine. These results indicated that no dose reduction is needed in children aged 1 to &lt;2\u00a0years compared with those 2\u20105\u00a0years, which was supported by pharmacodynamic observations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.13856","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,13]],"date-time":"2020-03-13T07:50:11Z","timestamp":1584085811000},"page":"607-613","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Pharmacokinetics of an intravenous bolus dose of clonidine in children undergoing surgery"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7848-4752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bettina N.","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesia The Juliane Marie Centre Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2826-3019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian J.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"Falcon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesia The Juliane Marie Centre Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6576-623X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steen W.","family":"Henneberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesia The Juliane Marie Centre Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Torsten","family":"Lauritsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesia The Juliane Marie Centre Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erik","family":"Lomstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Laboratory, Food and Environmental Technology The Business Academy Aarhus Aarhus Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0808-0936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mogens","family":"Ydemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroanaethestesiology Copenhagen University Hospital Copenhagen 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