{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T02:39:25Z","timestamp":1773369565481,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,4]],"date-time":"2020-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604448000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Anesthesia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) using a mixture of propofol and remifentanil in the same syringe has become an accepted technique in Pediatric Anesthesia. A survey by a group of respected UK anesthetists demonstrated a low incidence of serious complications, related to the pharmacology and dose of the drugs. However, a current guideline for the safe use of TIVA recommends against this practice. Pharmaceutical concerns include the physical stability of the emulsion when remifentanil is mixed with propofol; changes in drug concentration over time; nonuniform mixing of propofol and remifentanil; the risk of bacterial contamination; and the potential for drug administration errors. Propofol and remifentanil have markedly different pharmacokinetic profiles. When remifentanil is mixed with propofol and delivered as a target\u2010controlled infusion (TCI) of propofol, remifentanil delivery is not target\u2010controlled but passively follows the variable infusion rates calculated by the syringe driver to deliver predicted plasma or effect\u2010site concentrations of propofol. The pharmacokinetic consequences can be illustrated using pharmacokinetic modeling similar to that used in TCI pumps. The clinical consequences reflect the dose\u2010dependent pharmacodynamics of remifentanil. Increasing the target propofol concentration produces a rapid increase and peak in remifentanil concentration that risks apnea, bradycardia, and hypotension, especially with higher concentrations of remifentanil. The faster decline in remifentanil concentration with falling propofol concentrations risks inadequate narcosis and unwanted responses to surgical stimuli. Remifentanil delivery is inflexible and dosing cannot be adjusted to the clinical need and responses of individual patients. The medicolegal considerations are stark. In UK and EU Law, mixing propofol and remifentanil creates a new, unlicensed drug and the person mixing takes on the responsibilities of manufacturer. If a patient receiving anesthesia in the form of a mixed propofol\u2010remifentanil infusion suffered a critical incident or actual harm, the clinician's practice may come under scrutiny and criticism, potentially involving a legal challenge and the Medical Regulator.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.14039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,14]],"date-time":"2020-10-14T02:49:46Z","timestamp":1602643786000},"page":"1292-1298","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["De\u2010mystifying the \u201cMixifusor\u201d"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7563-9157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anthony R.","family":"Absalom","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University Medical Center Groningen University of Groningen Groningen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ann E.","family":"Rigby\u2010Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health: Medicine Dentistry and Human Sciences University of Plymouth Plymouth UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew R.","family":"Rushton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesia University Hospitals Plymouth Plymouth UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Robert Sneyd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health: Medicine Dentistry and Human Sciences University of Plymouth Plymouth UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/shorts.2011.011031"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03007694"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-200004000-00035"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","first-page":"CD007874","article-title":"Lidocaine for reducing propofol\u2010induced pain on induction of anaesthesia in adults","volume":"2","author":"Euasobhon P","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.1992.tb02127.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0310057X0903700108"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ACO.0000000000000652"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.13556"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.14428"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.12932"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.14018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(17)30116-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200510000-00026"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","unstructured":"Diprivan 1% SmPChttps:\/\/www.medicines.org.uk\/emc\/medicine\/2275; 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