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The immaturity of control of breathing in infants is reflected by prolonged central apneas and periodic breathing, and an increased risk of apneas after anesthesia. The physiology of the pediatric upper and lower airways is characterized by a higher flow resistance and airway collapsibility. The increased chest wall compliance and reduced gas exchange surface of the lungs reduce the pulmonary oxygen reserve vis\u2010\u00e0\u2010vis a higher metabolic oxygen demand, which causes more rapid oxygen desaturation when ventilation is compromised. 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