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Before implementation of antenatal steroids and surfactant therapy, bronchopulmonary dysplasia was mostly characterized by fibrotic, scarred, and hyper\u2010inflated lungs due to pulmonary injury following mechanical ventilation and oxygen toxicity. With advances in neonatal medicine, this \u201cold\u201d bronchopulmonary dysplasia has changed to a \u201cnew\u201d bronchopulmonary dysplasia characterized by an arrest in lung growth, leading to alveolar simplification and pulmonary vascular dysangiogenesis. While the old definition was based on the need for oxygen supplementation at a postnatal age of 28\u00a0days or at a corrected gestational age of 36\u00a0weeks, the newer definition looks at the mode of respiratory support required (eg, invasive versus noninvasive) and is then graded as mild, moderate, or severe. Patients with bronchopulmonary dysplasia may present with significantly impaired pulmonary function, reactive airway disease, or exercise intolerance. Over time, these patients may develop asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The most serious long\u2010term complication is the development of pulmonary vascular disease and pulmonary hypertension. Medical treatment often includes diuretics, steroids, bronchodilators, or oxygen supplementation and in the presence of pulmonary hypertension medication to decrease the pulmonary vascular resistance. Perioperative anesthetic risk is increased in children with pulmonary hypertension. These patients might require additional diagnostic imaging and plans for increased resource allocation such as postoperative intensive care admission.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.14365","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,8]],"date-time":"2021-12-08T07:45:40Z","timestamp":1638949540000},"page":"174-180","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":102,"title":["Bronchopulmonary dysplasia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7667-0308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander R.","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Cardiac Anesthesia \u2010 Lucile Packard Children's Hospital Stanford University School of Medicine  Palo Alto California 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