{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T00:13:58Z","timestamp":1792109638606,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,15]],"date-time":"2021-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639526400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Anesthesia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Extremely preterm infants commonly suffer from respiratory distress syndrome. Ventilatory management of these infants starts from birth and includes decisions such as timing of respiratory support in relation to umbilical cord management, oxygenation targets, and options of positive pressure support. The approach of early intubation and surfactant administration through an endotracheal tube has been challenged in recent years by primary noninvasive respiratory support and newer methods of surfactant administration via thin catheters. Available data comparing the thin catheter method to endotracheal tube and delayed extubation in extremely preterm infants born before 28\u00a0weeks of gestation did not show differences in survival free of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Data from numerous randomized trials comparing conventional ventilation with high\u2010frequency oscillatory ventilation did not show differences in meaningful outcomes. Among conventional modes of ventilation, there is good evidence to favor volume\u2010targeted ventilation over pressure\u2010limited ventilation. The former reduces the combined risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia or death and several important secondary outcomes without an increase in adverse events. There are no evidence\u2010based guidelines to set positive end\u2010expiratory pressure in ventilated preterm infants. Recent research suggests that the forced oscillation technique may help to find the lowest positive end\u2010expiratory pressure at which lung recruitment is optimal. Benefits and risks of the various modes of noninvasive ventilation depend on the clinical setting, degree of prematurity, severity of lung disease, and competency of staff in treating associated complications. Respiratory care after discharge includes home oxygen therapy, lung function monitoring, weaning from medication started in the neonatal unit, and treatment of asthma\u2010like symptoms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.14369","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,8]],"date-time":"2021-12-08T16:19:08Z","timestamp":1638980348000},"page":"363-371","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Update on ventilatory management of extremely preterm infants\u2014A Neonatal Intensive Care Unit perspective"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5475-6239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sven M.","family":"Schulzke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology University Children's Hospital Basel UKBB  Basel Switzerland"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine University of Basel  Basel 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