{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]],"date-time":"2025-10-04T07:49:45Z","timestamp":1759564185689,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,14]],"date-time":"2022-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655164800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Anesthesia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Core temperature monitoring is indispensable to prevent children from perioperative thermal perturbations. Although nasopharyngeal measurements are commonly used in anesthesia and considered to reflect core temperature accurately, standardized target depths for probe insertion are unknown in children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our primary goal was to determine a target depth of nasopharyngeal temperature probe insertion in children by measuring distances on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Secondary aims were to correlate these measurements with biometric variables and facial landmark\u2010distances to derive formulas estimating target depth.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted a prospective observational study in children \u226412\u2009years undergoing cranial MRI with anesthesia. We documented patient characteristics and measured the landmark\u2010distances nostril\u2010mandible, nostril\u2010tragus, and philtrum\u2010tragus on patient's faces. On MRI, the target point for the probe tip was considered to be the site of the nasopharyngeal mucosa with the closest proximity to the internal carotid artery. After its determination in the transverse axis and triangulation to the sagittal axis, we measured the distance to the nostril. This distance, defined as target insertion depth, was correlated with the patient characteristics and used for univariate and multiple linear regression analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>One hundred twenty children with a mean age of 4.5\u2009years were included. The target insertion depth ranged from 61.8\u2009mm in infants to 89.8\u2009mm in 12\u2010year\u2010old children. Height correlated best (<jats:italic>\u03c1<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.685, 95%\u2010CI: [0.57\u20130.77]). The best\u2010fit estimation in millimeters, \u201c40.8\u00a0+\u2009height [cm]\u2009\u00d7\u20090.32,\u2033 would lead to a placement in the target position in 67% of cases. A simplified approach by categories of 50\u201380, 80\u2013110, 110\u2013130, and &gt;130\u2009cm height with target insertion depths of 60, 70, 80, and 85\u2009mm, respectively, achieved similar probabilities.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Height\u2010based formulas could be a valuable proxy for the insertion depth of nasopharyngeal temperature probes. Further clinical trials are necessary to investigate their measurement accuracy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.14504","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,3]],"date-time":"2022-06-03T10:19:40Z","timestamp":1654251580000},"page":"1054-1061","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Target insertion depth of nasopharyngeal temperature probes in children: A prospective observational study analyzing magnetic resonance images"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4302-9167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clemens","family":"Miller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology University Medical Center Goettingen  Goettingen Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4013-8755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anselm","family":"Br\u00e4uer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology University Medical Center Goettingen  Goettingen Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1317-2138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Asendorf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Statistics University Medical Center Goettingen  Goettingen Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2870-4109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marielle","family":"Ernst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroradiology University Medical Center Goettingen  Goettingen Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4520-4897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philipp","family":"von Gottberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroradiology University Medical Center Goettingen  Goettingen Germany"},{"name":"Clinic for Neuroradiology Municipal Hospital Stuttgart  Stuttgart Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4172-6636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juliane","family":"Richter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology University Medical Center Goettingen  Goettingen Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3416-4727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leif","family":"Saager","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology University Medical Center Goettingen  Goettingen Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6288-7784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcus","family":"Nemeth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology University Medical Center Goettingen  Goettingen Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18147541"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000003481"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-198611000-00018"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ANE.0000074664.12395.83"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.12830"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000000361"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10877-008-9134-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2021.09.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61602-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4097\/kjae.2014.66.3.195"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s001340000829"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3075589"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.165.1.2107140"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1259\/0007-1285-54-638-117"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000348941011900807"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2273.2000.00381.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10877-019-00327-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000001542"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000001213"}],"container-title":["Pediatric Anesthesia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/pan.14504","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/pan.14504","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/pan.14504","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,22]],"date-time":"2023-08-22T20:10:45Z","timestamp":1692735045000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/pan.14504"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Britta","family":"von Ungern\u2010Sternberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,14]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/pan.14504"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/pan.14504","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1155-5645","1460-9592"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1155-5645"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1460-9592"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-03-10","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-05-23","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-06-14","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}