{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:18:24Z","timestamp":1787015904840,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,30]],"date-time":"2022-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667088000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Anesthesia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Maintenance of normothermia is an important quality metric in pediatric anesthesia. While inadvertent hypothermia is effectively prevented by forced\u2010air warming, this therapeutic approach can lead to iatrogenic hyperthermia in young children.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To estimate the influence of external warming by forced air on the development of intraoperative hyperthermia in anesthetized children aged 6\u2009years or younger.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We pooled data from two previous clinical studies. Primary outcome was the course of core temperature over time analyzed by a quadratic regression model. Secondary outcomes were the incidence of hyperthermia (body core temperature &gt;38\u00b0C), the probability of hyperthermia over the duration of warming in relation to age and surface\u2010area\u2010to\u2010weight ratio, respectively, analyzed by multiple logistic regression models. The influence of baseline temperature on hyperthermia was estimated using a Cox proportional hazards model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Two hundred children (55 female) with a median age of 2.1 [1\n                      <jats:sup>st<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u20133\n                      <jats:sup>rd<\/jats:sup>\n                      quartile 1\u20134.2] years were analyzed. Mean temperature increased by 0.43\u00b0C after 1\u2009h, 0.64\u00b0C after 2\u2009h, and reached a peak of 0.66\u00b0C at 147\u2009min. Overall, 33 children were hyperthermic at at least one measurement point. The odds ratios of hyperthermia were 1.14 (95%\u2010CI: 1.07\u20131.22) or 1.13 (95%\u2010CI: 1.06\u20131.21) for every 10\u2009min of warming therapy in a model with age or surface\u2010area\u2010to weight ratio (ceteris paribus), respectively. Odds ratio was 1.33 (95%\u2010CI: 1.07\u20131.71) for a decrease of 1\u2009year in age and 1.63 (95%\u2010CI: 0.93\u20132.83) for an increase of 0.01 in the surface\u2010to\u2010weight\u2010area ratio (ceteris paribus). An increase of 0.1\u00b0C in baseline temperature increased the hazard of becoming hyperthermic by a factor of 1.33 (95%\u2010CI: 1.23\u20131.43).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In children, external warming by forced\u2010air needs to be closely monitored and adjusted in a timely manner to avoid iatrogenic hyperthermia especially during long procedures, in young age, higher surface\u2010area\u2010to\u2010weight ratio, and higher baseline temperature.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.14580","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,21]],"date-time":"2022-10-21T05:50:10Z","timestamp":1666331410000},"page":"114-122","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Modeling iatrogenic intraoperative hyperthermia from external warming in children: A pooled analysis from two prospective observational studies"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4302-9167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clemens","family":"Miller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology University Medical Center Goettingen  Goettingen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4013-8755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anselm","family":"Br\u00e4uer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology University Medical Center Goettingen  Goettingen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8601-0266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johannes","family":"Wieditz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology University Medical Center Goettingen  Goettingen Germany"},{"name":"Department of Medical Statistics University Medical Center Goettingen  Goettingen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5574-4299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katharina","family":"Klose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology University Medical Center Goettingen  Goettingen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3652-2129","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlo","family":"Pancaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology University of Michigan Health  Ann Arbor Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6288-7784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcus","family":"Nemeth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology University Medical Center Goettingen  Goettingen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.12177"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.13383"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18147541"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","unstructured":"NICE.Hypothermia: prevention and management in adults having surgery: clinical guideline 2008. 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