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Pharmacokinetic pharmacodynamic models also describe between\u2010subject variability that allows identification of subgroups and dose adjustment for optimal pain management in individual patients. This approach is particularly useful in the pediatric population, where most drugs have received limited evaluation and dosing is extrapolated from adult practice. In children, the covariates of weight and age are used to describe size\u2010 and maturation\u2010related changes in pharmacokinetics. It is important to consider both size and maturation in order to develop an accurate model and determine the optimal dose for different age groups. An adequate assessment of analgesic and sedative effect using pain scales or brain activity measures is essential to build reliable pharmacokinetic pharmacodynamic models. This is often challenging in children due to the multidimensional nature of pain and the limited sensitivity and specificity of some measurement tools. This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic methodology used to describe the dose\u2013concentration\u2013effect relationship of analgesics and sedation in children, with a focus on the different pharmacodynamic endpoints and the challenges of pharmacodynamic modeling.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.14712","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,21]],"date-time":"2023-06-21T10:25:10Z","timestamp":1687343110000},"page":"781-792","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Pharmacokinetic pharmacodynamic modeling of analgesics and sedatives in children"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Maddlie","family":"Bardol","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health University College London  London 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