{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T12:41:09Z","timestamp":1753879269929,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]],"date-time":"2024-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720483200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Anesthesia"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aimed to assess the impact of positive\u2010end\u2010expiratory pressure (PEEP) on the non\u2010hypoxic apnea time in infants during anesthesia induction with an inspired oxygen fraction of 0.8.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This age stratified randomized controlled trial included patients under 1\u2009year of age. Preoxygenation was performed using an inspired oxygen fraction of 0.8 for 2\u2009min. Inspired oxygen fraction of 0.8 was administered via a face mask with volume\u2010controlled ventilation at a tidal volume of 6\u2009mL.kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>, with or without 7\u2009cmH<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O of PEEP. Tracheal intubation was performed after 3\u2009min of ventilation; however, it was disconnected from the breathing circuit. Ventilation was resumed once the pulse oximetry readings reached 95%. The primary outcome was the non\u2010hypoxic apnea time, defined as the time from the cessation of ventilation to achieving a pulse oximeter reading of 95%. The secondary outcome measures included the degree of atelectasis assessed by ultrasonography and the presence of gastric air insufflation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Eighty\u2010four patients were included in the final analysis. In the positive end\u2010expiratory pressure group, the atelectasis score decreased (17.0 vs. 31.5, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001; mean difference and 95% CI of 11.6, 7.5\u201315.6), while the non\u2010hypoxic apnea time increased (80.1\u2009s vs. 70.6\u2009s, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.005; mean difference and 95% CI of \u22129.4, \u221216.0 to \u22122.9), compared to the zero end\u2010expiratory pressure group, among infants who are 6\u2009months old or younger, not in those aged older than 6\u2009months.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The application of positive end\u2010expiratory pressure reduced the incidence of atelectasis and extended the non\u2010hypoxic apnea time in infants who are 6\u2009months old or younger. However, it did not affect the incidence of atelectasis nor the non\u2010hypoxic apnea time in patients aged older than 6\u2009months.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.14965","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]],"date-time":"2024-07-09T18:52:50Z","timestamp":1720551170000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effect of positive end expiratory pressure on non\u2010hypoxic apnea time and atelectasis during induction of anesthesia in infant: A randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3738-0081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eun\u2010Hee","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jung\u2010Bin","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pyoyoon","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sang\u2010Hwan","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Young\u2010Eun","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8384-8191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ji\u2010Hyun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jin\u2010Tae","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2661-7944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hee\u2010Soo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-022-01884-2"},{"issue":"79","key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","first-page":"1017","article-title":"Preoxygenation in children","volume":"1994","author":"Dupeyrat A","year":"1994","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200301000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.01.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/EVIDra2300111"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aew173"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aeu380"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199212000-00010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/EJA.0000000000001400"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2021.03.039"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201802-0227LE"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aeg085"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","unstructured":"http:\/\/powerandsamplesize.com\/Calculators\/Compare\u20102\u2010Proportions\/2\u2010Sample\u2010Equality. 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