{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T00:33:09Z","timestamp":1774571589038,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]],"date-time":"2025-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740960000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Anesthesia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Preliminary clinical studies have demonstrated that clonidine is an effective adjuvant to spinal anesthesia in neonates and infants. However, the studies conducted previously have had a limited cohort size of 80\u2013100, potentially limiting an accurate measure of its safety.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The current study retrospectively examines our 5\u20136\u2010year experience with clonidine as an adjuvant to spinal anesthesia in a large cohort of neonates and infants.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study cohort included 1420 patients ranging in age from newborn to 36\u2009months (median age 7\u2009months). Ninety\u2010five percent of the patients tolerated spinal anesthesia without requiring conversion to general anesthesia, and over 73% of the patients did not require any additional intraoperative sedation. Hypotension (sBP \u2264\u200960\u2009mmHg) was the most common intraoperative event (17%) with one patient requiring the administration of an anticholinergic agent for bradycardia. No serious intraoperative adverse events were noted. Post Anesthesia Care Unit (PACU) Phase I was bypassed in 75% of cases, and the postoperative admission rate was 7%, with the majority (85%) being planned admissions. Fifty\u2010six patients (4%) returned to the hospital during the first seven postoperative days, primarily for surgical concerns.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Based on this retrospective, observational study, clonidine appears to be a safe adjuvant to spinal anesthesia for ambulatory surgical procedures in infants and children. We observed a low incidence of intraoperative and postoperative complications.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.15091","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]],"date-time":"2025-03-11T20:57:12Z","timestamp":1741726632000},"page":"374-379","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Safety of Intrathecal Clonidine as an Adjuvant to Spinal Anesthesia in Infants and Children"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2857-5047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grant","family":"Heydinger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine Nationwide Children's Hospital  Columbus Ohio USA"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine The Ohio State University College of Medicine  Columbus Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eden E.","family":"Bayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ohio State University College of Medicine  Columbus Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Roth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine Nationwide Children's Hospital  Columbus Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sibelle Aurelie Yemele","family":"Kitio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine Nationwide Children's Hospital  Columbus Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"V. Rama","family":"Jayanthi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology Nationwide Children's Hospital  Columbus Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arlyne","family":"Thung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Frank H. Netter School of Medicine Quinnipiac University  Hamden Connecticut USA"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology St. Vincent's Medical Center  Bridgeport Connecticut USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph D.","family":"Tobias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine Nationwide Children's Hospital  Columbus Ohio USA"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine The Ohio State University College of Medicine  Columbus Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giorgio","family":"Veneziano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine Nationwide Children's Hospital  Columbus Ohio USA"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine The Ohio State University College of Medicine  Columbus Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","first-page":"5815","article-title":"Clonidine in Anesthesiology: A Brief Review","volume":"7","author":"Fernandes H.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomedical Journal of Science and Technical Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2017.06.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ANE.0000061110.62841.E9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2024.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2017.06.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e3182501a09"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ANE.0000093229.17729.6C"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9592.2010.03326.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ANE.0000180238.73522.01"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9592.2004.01313.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/aer.AER_24_19"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-197011000-00020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jopan.2022.11.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/157488411798375886"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/bean.2000.0079"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/07853899709002452"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2016.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0750-7658(02)00704-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ane.0000268709.67572.09"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9592.2005.01664.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00540-018-2517-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-9185.125687"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0259-1162.143124"}],"container-title":["Pediatric Anesthesia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/pan.15091","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]],"date-time":"2025-04-07T21:40:50Z","timestamp":1744062050000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/pan.15091"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/pan.15091"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/pan.15091","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1155-5645","1460-9592"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1155-5645","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-9592","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-09-12","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-02-24","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-03-03","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}