{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T21:16:14Z","timestamp":1761513374696},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,5]],"date-time":"2013-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1383609600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pain Practice"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>Because of its anatomical location and function, the obturator externus (OE<\/jats:styled-content>) muscle can be a source of pain; however, this muscle is understudied as a possible target for therapeutic intervention in pain practice. In this retrospective observational study, we evaluated the clinical effectiveness of the OE<\/jats:styled-content> muscle injection with a local anesthetic in chronic pelvic pain patients with suspected OE<\/jats:styled-content> muscle problems.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>Twenty\u2010three patients with localized tenderness on the inferolateral side of the pubic tubercle accompanied by pain in the groin, anteromedial thigh, or hip were studied. After identifying the OE<\/jats:styled-content> with contrast dye under fluoroscopic guidance, 5 to 8\u00a0mL of 0.3% lidocaine was injected. Pain scores were assessed before and after injection; patient satisfaction was also assessed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>Mean pain score decreased by 44.7% (6.6\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.8 to 3.5\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.9, P\u00a0<\/jats:italic><\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.001) 2\u00a0weeks after OE<\/jats:styled-content> muscle injection as compared with pain score before injection. In addition, 82% of patients (19 of 23 patients) reported excellent or good satisfaction during 2\u00a0weeks after injection. No patients reported complications from OE<\/jats:styled-content> muscle injection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions<\/jats:title>Fluoroscopy\u2010guided injection of the OE<\/jats:styled-content> muscle with local anesthetic reduced pain scores and led to a high level of satisfaction at short\u2010term follow\u2010up in patients with suspected OE<\/jats:styled-content> muscle problem. The results of this study suggest that OE<\/jats:styled-content> muscle injection may be a valuable therapeutic option for a select group of chronic pelvic pain patients who present with localized tenderness in the OE<\/jats:styled-content> muscle that is accompanied by groin, anteromedial thigh, or hip pain.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/papr.12138","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,5]],"date-time":"2013-11-05T08:59:38Z","timestamp":1383641978000},"page":"40-46","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Clinical Effectiveness of the Obturator Externus Muscle Injection in Chronic Pelvic Pain Patients"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Shin Hyung","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine Anesthesia and Pain Research Institute Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Do Hyeong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine Anesthesia and Pain Research Institute Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Duck Mi","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine Anesthesia and Pain Research Institute Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kyung Bong","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine Anesthesia and Pain Research Institute Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2008\/11\/215","article-title":"Ultrasound\u2010guided interventional procedures for patients with chronic pelvic pain \u2013 a description of techniques and review of literature","volume":"11","author":"Peng PW","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1533-2500.2005.00039.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200306000-00022"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.92B9.23893"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2535\/ofaj.80.103"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/66.3.351"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","first-page":"186","volume-title":"Myofascial Pain and Dysfunction: The Trigger Point Manual","author":"Travell JG","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2009.10.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-006-0058-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00115550-200711000-00019"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","first-page":"33","article-title":"Critical sites of entrapment of the posterior division of the obturator nerve: anatomical considerations","volume":"54","author":"Kumka M","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Can Chiropr Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1098-7339(06)80046-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00115550-199823020-00020"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0b013e3181933b51"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2281020819"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2005.04.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1749-799X-5-44"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e318237fb40"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2011.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9993(92)90010-T"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199101000-00029","article-title":"The appearance of the piriformis muscle syndrome in computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. 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