{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]],"date-time":"2026-08-15T09:39:27Z","timestamp":1786786767506,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,23]],"date-time":"2014-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1390435200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pain Practice"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Complex regional pain syndrome (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CRPS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) is a chronic and progressive pain condition usually involving the extremities and characterized by sensorimotor, vascular, and trophic changes. Spinal cord stimulation (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SCS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) is an effective intervention for this condition, but is hampered by the technical challenges associated with precisely directing stimulation to distal extremities. Dorsal root ganglia (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DRG<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) may be more effective as a physiological target for electrical modulation due to recruitment of the primary sensory neurons that innervate the painful distal anatomical regions.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Eleven subjects diagnosed with uni\u2010 or bilateral lower\u2010extremity\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CRPS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      were recruited as part of a larger study involving chronic pain of heterogeneous etiologies. Quadripolar epidural leads of a newly developed neurostimulation system were placed near lumbar\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DRG<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      s using conventional percutaneous techniques. The neurostimulators were trialed; 8 were successful and permanently implanted and programed to achieve optimal pain\u2013paresthesia overlap.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      All 8 subjects experienced some degree of pain relief and subjective improvement in function, as measured by multiple metrics. One month after implantation of the neurostimulator, there was significant reduction in average self\u2010reported pain to 62% relative to baseline values. Pain relief persisted through 12\u00a0months in most subjects. In some subjects, edema and trophic skin changes associated with\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CRPS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      were also mitigated and function improved. Neuromodulation of the\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DRG<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      was able to provide excellent pain\u2013paresthesia concordance in locations that are typically hard to target with traditional\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SCS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      , and the stimulation reduced the area of pain distributions.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Neuromodulation of the\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DRG<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      appears to be a promising option for relieving chronic pain and other symptoms associated with\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CRPS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      . The capture of discrete painful areas such as the feet, combined with stable paresthesia intensities independent of body position, suggests this stimulation modality may allow more selective and consistent targeting of painful areas than traditional\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SCS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/papr.12170","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,23]],"date-time":"2014-01-23T02:53:29Z","timestamp":1390445609000},"page":"208-216","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":128,"title":["Stimulation of Dorsal Root Ganglia for the Management of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: A Prospective Case Series"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jean\u2010Pierre","family":"Van Buyten","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Multidisciplinary Pain Center Algemeen Ziekenhuis Nikolaas Sint\u2010Niklaas Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iris","family":"Smet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multidisciplinary Pain Center Algemeen Ziekenhuis Nikolaas Sint\u2010Niklaas Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liong","family":"Liem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sint Antonius Hospital Nieuwegein the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Russo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunter Pain Clinic Broadmeadow New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Huygen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Erasmus University Rotterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(95)00110-E"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1533-2500.2010.00388.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/87.1.99"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2005.12.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2006.09.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","volume-title":"Classification of Chronic Pain: Descriptions of Chronic Pain Syndromes and Definitions of Pain Terms","author":"International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP)","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2006.00169.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.60.1.77"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(98)00198-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(03)00065-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(11)70106-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09629350210307"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-7-91"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","first-page":"255","article-title":"Skin biopsy in complex regional pain syndrome: case series and literature review","volume":"15","author":"Kharkar S","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/14737175.6.5.669"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2009.05.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/070674370805300403"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pme.12033"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0b013e3181a11623"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmedicine.11-6-596"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.20591"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2004.04038.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004598.pub2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002508-199809000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2009.01.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12630-009-9237-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2377-10-20"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2010.02999.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2008.05.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2010.09.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2011.00424.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1533-2500.2002.02009.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1533-2500.2011.00490.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-196707000-00025"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.150.3699.971"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2010.00915.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200008313430904"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10996"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000028686.74056.E3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/JNS\/2008\/108\/2\/0292"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2011.00372.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12024"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000099515"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002508-200311000-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2007.00085.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_47_1","first-page":"2443","article-title":"Dorsal column steerability with dual parallel leads using dedicated power sources: a computational model","volume":"48","author":"Lee D","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Vis Exp"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nec.2008.07.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.1998.tb00014.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2012\/15\/1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/foc.2006.21.6.7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2010.00307.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12072"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2012.03.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2003.12.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.7.1.80"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-8510(90)90421-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0b013e3181d2375e"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2006.09.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S26603"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2006.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12028"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(94)90047-7"}],"container-title":["Pain Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fpapr.12170","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/papr.12170","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,2]],"date-time":"2023-10-02T17:43:42Z","timestamp":1696268622000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/papr.12170"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,23]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/papr.12170"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/papr.12170","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.718249076.793533247","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1530-7085","1533-2500"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1530-7085","type":"print"},{"value":"1533-2500","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,23]]}}}