{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T15:33:04Z","timestamp":1782401584459,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,7]],"date-time":"2015-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1420588800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pain Practice"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The important pathophysiologic factor of neurogenic intermittent claudication (NIC) in lumbar spinal canal stenosis (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LSCS<\/jats:styled-content>) has been reported to be the reduction in intraneural blood flow and a state of relative ischemia in nerve tissues. Prostaglandin E1 (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PGE<\/jats:styled-content>1) presumably improves symptoms in patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LSCS<\/jats:styled-content> by improving the blood flow in the cauda equina and nerve roots through its vasodilation and antiplatelet aggregation effects. The purpose of the study was to summarize the results of previous studies regarding <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PGE<\/jats:styled-content>1 treatment for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LSCS<\/jats:styled-content> and to describe the details of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PGE<\/jats:styled-content>1 treatment to all physicians who take care of patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LSCS<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Review of the literature.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>There are 3 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PGE<\/jats:styled-content>1\u2010related products that have been used clinically for the treatment of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LSCS<\/jats:styled-content>:<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> PGE<\/jats:styled-content>1, lipo\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PGE<\/jats:styled-content>1, and limaprost (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PGE<\/jats:styled-content>1 derivative). Experimental studies have been performed to verify the efficacy of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PGE<\/jats:styled-content>1 treatment for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LSCS<\/jats:styled-content>. Many studies have reported clinical outcomes of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PGE<\/jats:styled-content>1 treatment in patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LSCS<\/jats:styled-content>. Overall, previous studies examining <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PGE<\/jats:styled-content>1 treatment for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LSCS<\/jats:styled-content> demonstrate improvement in several clinical outcome measures such as the visual analog scale, Japanese Orthopaedic Association score, and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NIC<\/jats:styled-content> distance, although most of the studies have only short\u2010term follow\u2010up.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Based on the results of previous studies, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PGE<\/jats:styled-content>1 treatment may be an option as a conservative treatment for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LSCS<\/jats:styled-content>. However, future studies with high\u2010quality and long\u2010term follow\u2010up are necessary. Future studies also should include refinement of indications, administration period, as well as comparisons between <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PGE<\/jats:styled-content>1 treatment and other conservative treatments such as epidural injection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/papr.12272","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,7]],"date-time":"2015-01-07T08:35:31Z","timestamp":1420619731000},"page":"245-256","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Prostaglandin E<sub>1<\/sub> Treatment for Lumbar Spinal Canal Stenosis: Review of the Literature"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Yoshihara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery &amp; Rehabilitation Medicine SUNY Downstate Medical Center Brooklyn New York U.S.A"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Graduate School of Medical Sciences Nagoya City University Nagoya Aichi Japan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Nassau University Medical Center Nassau New York U.S.A"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2012.06.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.20881"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.5415.985"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100070607"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199006000-00021"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199101000-00012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199506000-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.29.4.315"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200002010-00007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2004.01.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31818f924d"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3005","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)60264-9","article-title":"Isolation of prostaglandin E1 from human seminal plasma. 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