{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T21:49:11Z","timestamp":1792964951021,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,15]],"date-time":"2016-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1458000000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pain Practice"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n \n The aim of this study was to create and validate severity levels for the central sensitization inventory (\n CSI<\/jats:styled-content>\n ), a valid and reliable patient\u2010reported outcome instrument designed to identify patients whose presenting symptoms may be related to a central sensitivity syndrome (\n CSS<\/jats:styled-content>\n ; eg, fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, irritable bowel syndrome), with a proposed common etiology of central sensitization (\n CS<\/jats:styled-content>\n ).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Based on\n CSI<\/jats:styled-content>\n score means and standard deviations from previously published subject samples, the following\n CSI<\/jats:styled-content>\n severity levels were established: subclinical = 0 to 29; mild = 30 to 39; moderate = 40 to 49; severe = 50 to 59; and extreme = 60 to 100. The concurrent validity of the\n CSI<\/jats:styled-content>\n severity levels was then confirmed in a separate chronic pain patient sample (58% with a\n CSS<\/jats:styled-content>\n diagnosis and 42% without) by demonstrating associations between\n CSI<\/jats:styled-content>\n scores and (1) the number of physician\u2010diagnosed\n CSS<\/jats:styled-content>\n s; (2)\n CSI<\/jats:styled-content>\n score distributions in both\n CSS<\/jats:styled-content>\n and non\u2010\n CSS<\/jats:styled-content>\n patient samples; (3) patient\u2010reported history of\n CSS<\/jats:styled-content>\n s; and (4) patient\u2010reported psychosocial measures, which are known to be associated with\n CSS<\/jats:styled-content>\n s.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Compared to the non\u2010\n CSS<\/jats:styled-content>\n patient subsample, the score distribution of the\n CSS<\/jats:styled-content>\n patient subsample was skewed toward the higher severity ranges.\n CSI<\/jats:styled-content>\n mean scores moved into higher severity levels as the number of individual\n CSS<\/jats:styled-content>\n diagnoses increased. Patients who scored in the extreme\n CSI<\/jats:styled-content>\n severity level were more likely to report previous diagnoses of fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, temporomandibular joint disorder, tension\/migraine headaches, and anxiety or panic attacks (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.01).\n CSI<\/jats:styled-content>\n severity levels were also associated with patient\u2010reported depressive symptoms, perceived disability, sleep disturbance, and pain intensity (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2264 0.02).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n \n This study provides support for these\n CSI<\/jats:styled-content>\n severity levels as a guideline for healthcare providers and researchers in interpreting\n CSI<\/jats:styled-content>\n scores and evaluating treatment responsiveness.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/papr.12440","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,18]],"date-time":"2016-03-18T21:05:40Z","timestamp":1458335140000},"page":"166-175","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":251,"title":["Establishing Clinically Relevant Severity Levels for the Central Sensitization Inventory"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Randy","family":"Neblett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"PRIDE Research Foundation Dallas Texas U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meredith M.","family":"Hartzell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PRIDE Research Foundation Dallas Texas U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom G.","family":"Mayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas Dallas Texas 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