{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T15:46:01Z","timestamp":1776872761796,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,21]],"date-time":"2016-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1463788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005635","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Calouste Gulbenkian","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005635","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006483","name":"Abbvie","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006483","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009947","name":"Merck Sharp and Dohme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009947","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004319","name":"Pfizer","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004319","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004337","name":"Roche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004337","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pain Practice"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>To analyze and characterize the intake profile of pain\u2010relief drugs in a population\u2010based study of adults with chronic low back pain (CLBP<\/jats:styled-content>).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>EpiReumaPt was a cross\u2010sectional Portuguese population\u2010based study (10,661 subjects). Self\u2010reported active CLBP<\/jats:styled-content> was considered to be low back pain on the day of enrollment and for \u2265 90 days. Prevalence and profile of analgesic intake was characterized among those self\u2010reporting active CLBP<\/jats:styled-content>, taking into account the intensity of pain and the World Health Organization (WHO<\/jats:styled-content>) analgesic ladder. We further investigated whether the presence of active CLBP<\/jats:styled-content> was a factor independently associated with the intake of analgesics (adjusted for potential confounders).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>Among 1,487 subjects with active CLBP<\/jats:styled-content>, only 18.7% were using analgesic\/pain\u2010relief drugs. Estimated prevalence was anxiolytics, 14.1%; nonsteroidal anti\u2010inflammatory drugs (NSAID<\/jats:styled-content>s), 12.3%; antidepressants, 10.1%; analgesic, antipyretics, 6.6%; anticonvulsants, 3.4%; central muscle relaxants, 2.6%; and analgesic opioids, 1.6%. Most subjects with severe pain were in the first step of the WHO<\/jats:styled-content> analgesic ladder: NSAID<\/jats:styled-content>s plus anxiolytics (4.6%), NSAID<\/jats:styled-content>s plus antidepressants (3.2%), or NSAID<\/jats:styled-content>s plus muscle relaxants (2.5%). The presence of active CLBP<\/jats:styled-content> was significantly associated with the intake of all therapeutic groups: antidepressants (odds ratio [OR<\/jats:styled-content>] = 12.56; P<\/jats:italic> < 0.001); centrally acting muscle relaxants (OR<\/jats:styled-content> = 12.01; P<\/jats:italic> < 0.001); anticonvulsants (OR<\/jats:styled-content> = 9.27; P<\/jats:italic> < 0.001); anxiolytics, sedatives, and hypnotics (OR<\/jats:styled-content> = 8.86; P<\/jats:italic> < 0.001); NSAID<\/jats:styled-content>s (OR<\/jats:styled-content> = 8.56; P<\/jats:italic> < 0.001); and analgesic opioids (OR<\/jats:styled-content> = 8.13; P<\/jats:italic> < 0.001).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusion<\/jats:title>Analgesic\/pain\u2010relief drug intake in patients with active CLBP<\/jats:styled-content> was very low, even for those with severe pain. The WHO<\/jats:styled-content> analgesic ladder was carefully followed, with an extremely conservative use of analgesic opioids even for those with severe pain.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/papr.12455","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,23]],"date-time":"2016-05-23T21:43:17Z","timestamp":1464039797000},"page":"353-365","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["The Use of Analgesic and Other Pain\u2010Relief Drugs to Manage Chronic Low Back Pain: Results from a National Survey"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"N\u00e9lia","family":"Gouveia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC) NOVA Medical School Universidade Nova de Lisboa (NMS\/UNL) Lisbon Portugal"},{"name":"EpiReumaPt Study Group \u2010 Sociedade Portuguesa de Reumatologia Lisbon Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EpiReumaPt Study Group \u2010 Sociedade Portuguesa de Reumatologia Lisbon Portugal"},{"name":"Unidade de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Reumatologia Instituto de Medicina Molecular Lisbon Portugal"},{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa Lisbon Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Ramiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EpiReumaPt Study Group \u2010 Sociedade Portuguesa de Reumatologia Lisbon Portugal"},{"name":"Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M\u00f3nica","family":"Eus\u00e9bio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EpiReumaPt Study Group \u2010 Sociedade Portuguesa de Reumatologia Lisbon Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pedro M.","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EpiReumaPt Study Group \u2010 Sociedade Portuguesa de Reumatologia Lisbon Portugal"},{"name":"Cl\u00ednica Universit\u00e1ria de Reumatologia Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Coimbra Coimbra Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Rheumatology Research & MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases University College London London U.K"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Helena","family":"Canh\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC) NOVA Medical School Universidade Nova de Lisboa (NMS\/UNL) Lisbon Portugal"},{"name":"EpiReumaPt Study Group \u2010 Sociedade Portuguesa de Reumatologia Lisbon Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jaime C.","family":"Branco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chronic Diseases Research Center (CEDOC) NOVA Medical School Universidade Nova de Lisboa (NMS\/UNL) Lisbon Portugal"},{"name":"EpiReumaPt Study Group \u2010 Sociedade Portuguesa de Reumatologia Lisbon Portugal"},{"name":"Servi\u00e7o de Reumatologia do Hospital Egas Moniz \u2010 Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Ocidental (CHLO\u2010 E.P.E.) 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