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It has become common international practice to use spinal cord stimulation (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SCS<\/jats:styled-content>) for the treatment of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CRPS<\/jats:styled-content> as other therapies fail to provide adequate relief, quality of life, or improvement in function. This comprehensive\u00a0outcome\u2010specific systematic review of the use of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SCS<\/jats:styled-content> for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CRPS<\/jats:styled-content> was performed to elucidate the available evidence with focus on clinically relevant patient\u2010specific outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A systematic review of the literature was conducted to evaluate the effects of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SCS<\/jats:styled-content> on patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CRPS<\/jats:styled-content> for the following outcomes and provide summary levels of evidence in regard to each outcome: perceived pain relief, pain score, resolution of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CRPS<\/jats:styled-content> signs, functional status, quality of life, psychological impact, sleep hygiene, analgesic medication utilization, and patient satisfaction with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SCS<\/jats:styled-content> therapy. Search terms included \u201ccomplex regional pain syndrome,\u201d \u201cspinal cord stimulation,\u201d and \u201creflex sympathetic dystrophy,\u201d without restriction of language, date, or type of publication, albeit only original data were included in analyses. Of 30 studies selected, seven systematic reviews were excluded, as were four studies reporting combination therapy that included <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SCS<\/jats:styled-content> and other therapies (ie, concurrent peripheral nerve stimulation, intrathecal therapy) without clear delineation to the effect of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SCS<\/jats:styled-content> alone on outcomes. A total of 19 manuscripts were evaluated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Perceived pain relief, pain score improvement, quality of life, and satisfaction with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SCS<\/jats:styled-content> were all rated 1B+, reflecting positive high\u2010level (randomized controlled trial) evidence favoring <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SCS<\/jats:styled-content> use for the treatment of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CRPS<\/jats:styled-content>. Evidence for functional status improvements and psychological effects of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SCS<\/jats:styled-content> was inconclusive, albeit emanating from a randomized controlled trial (evidence level 2B\u00b1), and outcomes evidence for both sleep hygiene and resolution of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CRPS<\/jats:styled-content> signs was either nonexistent or of too low quality from which to draw conclusions (evidence level 0). An analgesic sparing effect was observed in nonrandomized reports, reflecting an evidence level of 2C+.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Spinal cord stimulation remains a favorable and effective modality for treating <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CRPS<\/jats:styled-content> with high\u2010level evidence (1B+) supporting its role in improving <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CRPS<\/jats:styled-content> patients' perceived pain relief, pain score, and quality of life. A paucity of evidence for functional improvements, resolution of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CRPS<\/jats:styled-content> signs, sleep hygiene, psychological impact, and analgesic sparing effects mandate further investigation before conclusions can be drawn for these specific outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/papr.12513","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,14]],"date-time":"2016-10-14T09:00:23Z","timestamp":1476435623000},"page":"533-545","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":82,"title":["A Comprehensive Outcome\u2010Specific Review of the Use of Spinal Cord Stimulation for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Ognjen","family":"Visnjevac","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pain Management Department Cleveland Clinic Cleveland Ohio 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