{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T08:31:57Z","timestamp":1784709117143,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,25]],"date-time":"2020-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598313600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pain Practice"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) therapies are used in the management of patients with complex regional pain syndrome I (CRPS I) and failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS). The purpose of this study was to investigate the racial and health insurance inequalities with SCS therapy in patients with chronic pain who had CRPS I and FBSS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients with chronic pain who had a discharge diagnosis of FBSS and CRPS I were identified using the National Inpatient Sample database. Our primary outcome was defined as the history of SCS utilization by race\/ethnicity, income quartile, and insurance status. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine the variables associated with utilization of SCS therapy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Between 2011 and 2015, 40,858 patients who were hospitalized with a primary diagnosis of FBSS and\/or CRPS I were identified. Of these patients, 1,082 (2.7%) had a history of SCS therapy. Multivariable regression analysis revealed that compared to White patients, Black and Hispanic patients had higher odds of having SCS therapy (Black patients: odds ratio [OR]\u00a0=\u00a01.41; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.12 to 1.77; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.003; Hispanic patients: OR\u00a0=\u00a01.41; 95% CI, 1.10 to 1.81; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.007). Patients with private insurance had significantly higher odds of having SCS therapy compared with those with Medicare (OR\u00a0=\u00a01.24; 95% CI, 1.08 to 1.43; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.003). Compared to patients with Medicare, Medicaid patients had lower odds of having SCS therapy (OR\u00a0=\u00a00.50; 95% CI, 0.36 to 0.70; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our study suggests that socioeconomic disparities may exist in the utilization of SCS among hospitalized patients with CRPS I and FBSS the United States. However, confirming these data from other administrative databases, in the outpatient setting, may shed more insight.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/papr.12936","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,12]],"date-time":"2020-07-12T05:45:28Z","timestamp":1594532728000},"page":"75-82","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Socioeconomic Disparities in the Utilization of Spinal Cord Stimulation Therapy in Patients with Chronic Pain"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2794-738X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vwaire","family":"Orhurhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine  Rochester Minnesota U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emeka","family":"Agudile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health  Boston Massachusetts U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wendy","family":"Monegro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivan","family":"Urits","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariam Salisu","family":"Orhurhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dare","family":"Olatoye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine Division of Pain Medicine Mayo Clinic  Rochester Minnesota U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omar","family":"Viswanath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology Valley Anesthesiology and Pain Consultants  Phoenix Arizona U.S.A."},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology University of Arizona College of Medicine\u2010Phoenix  Phoenix Arizona U.S.A."},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology Creighton University School of Medicine  Omaha Nebraska U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sameer","family":"Hirji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Surgery Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anh","family":"Ngo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts U.S.A."},{"name":"Department of Pain Medicine Pain Specialty Group  Newington New Hampshire U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Aiudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5775-7635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Simopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0812-5356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jatinder","family":"Gill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/204946370900300102"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10877-009-9201-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2011.01089.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.math.2016.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/foc.2006.21.6.6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1526-4637.2003.03034.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.283.19.2579"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2010.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10865-008-9185-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-011-1770-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","unstructured":"HCUP National Inpatient Sample (NIS).Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP).Rockville MD:Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 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