{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T05:25:52Z","timestamp":1792214752379,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]],"date-time":"2025-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747612800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pain Practice"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is a disorder characterized by recurrent, unilateral brief electric shock\u2010like pains, abrupt in onset and termination, limited to the distribution of one or more branches of the trigeminal nerve, and triggered by innocuous stimuli.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The literature on the diagnosis and treatment of TN was retrieved and summarized.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The diagnosis is made almost entirely based on the patient's history. In classical TN, the neurological examination is typically normal, whereas the exam in secondary TN is focused on surveilling for signs of multiple sclerosis (MS) or a cerebellopontine tumor. The appropriate imaging technique is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with contrast of the trigeminal ganglion, which is recommended prior to interventional procedures. The treatment of a patient with TN is a team effort and should always be multidisciplinary, addressing all dimensions of pain. Carbamazepine or oxcarbazepine are first\u2010line medical treatments. Microvascular decompression (MVD) is the technique of choice for patients without or with minor comorbidities.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Percutaneous procedures for TN are mainly radiofrequency thermocoagulation of the branches of the trigeminal nerve introduced by Sweet and Wepsic in 1965, retrogasserian glycerol injection introduced by Hakanson in 1981, and balloon compression introduced by Mullan and Lichtor in 1983. Radiofrequency treatment is recommended in elderly patients or those with major comorbidities. Other techniques such as stereotactic radiosurgery and pulsed radiofrequency treatment are also discussed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Recommendations are based on very low\u2010quality evidence. MVD and radiofrequency are the preferred invasive treatments, although higher\u2010quality evidence is necessary to better assess the risk\u2013benefit ratios.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/papr.70051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]],"date-time":"2025-05-19T09:20:43Z","timestamp":1747646443000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["13. Trigeminal Neuralgia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Bart Jorrit","family":"Snel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Palliative Medicine Radboud University Medical Center  Nijmegen the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven P.","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anesthesiology, Neurology, Physical Medicine &amp; Rehabilitation and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine  Chicago Illinois USA"},{"name":"Anesthesiology and Physical Medicine &amp; Rehabilitation Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences  Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serdar","family":"Erdine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istanbul Pain Center Anesthesiology and Reanimation Department (Algology)  Istanbul Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miles R.","family":"Day","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pain Research, the Pain Center at Grace Clinic Texas Tech University HSC  Lubbock Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Van Zundert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care, Emergency Medicine and Multidisciplinary Pain Center Ziekenhuis Oost\u2010Limburg  Genk Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Medicine and Neurology Maastricht University Medical Center  Maastricht the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kris","family":"Vissers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Palliative Medicine Radboud University Medical Center  Nijmegen the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan Willem","family":"Kallewaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Palliative Medicine Amsterdam University Medical Center  Amsterdam the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine Rijnstate Ziekenhuis  Velp the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_16_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1533-2500.2009.00298.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102416687280"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1914484"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-024-00523-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_6_1","article-title":"The Role of Radiofrequency Ablation in the Treatment of Trigeminal Neuralgia: A Narrative Review","volume":"15","author":"Eskandar E.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000223501.27220.69"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102417738202"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102419893823"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000029771"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.13950"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410150306"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jpbs.jpbs_139_24"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70251-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jicd.12448"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_16_1","first-page":"2606","article-title":"Therapeutic Approach for Trigeminal Neuralgia: A Systematic Review","volume":"11","author":"Rana M. 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