{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T04:07:32Z","timestamp":1789186052139,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]],"date-time":"2025-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747353600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pain Practice"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Awareness about the role of micronutrients in the development of chronic pain has drastically increased. We investigated how serum micronutrient levels differ in subjects with chronic pain compared to pain\u2010free subjects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross\u2010sectional study was conducted with subjects from the All of Us database, divided into cohorts of no, mild\/moderate, and severe pain based on numeric rating scale scores. We examined serum levels of vitamins D (25OH\u2010D), C, B12, folate, and magnesium\u2014micronutrients found to be involved in chronic pain (38,006; 656; 62,110; 25,937, and 93,445 subjects, respectively) and defined them as normal, deficient, or borderline deficient based on reference ranges. We examined the variation of these findings based on sex and race\/ethnicity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Subjects with severe pain had lower 25OH\u2010D, B12, and folate levels than those with mild\/moderate pain and\/or without pain (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). We found a higher incidence of 25OH\u2010D, vitamin C (males), and magnesium deficiency in subjects with severe pain (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Black and White subjects with severe pain had lower levels of 25OH\u2010D and folate (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05 for 25OH\u2010D, NS for folate in Black males, and\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001 for the other groups), but lower vitamin B12 only in Whites (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001 for females and\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05 for males). Asian and Hispanic females also had lower folate (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01 and\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001, respectively).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We found lower 25OH\u2010D, B12, and folate, and a higher incidence of 25OH\u2010D, vitamin C (males), and magnesium deficiency at subjects with chronic pain, more consistent in Blacks and Whites than in Asians and Hispanics. Micronutrient repletion may influence chronic pain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/papr.70053","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]],"date-time":"2025-05-16T04:03:46Z","timestamp":1747368226000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Micronutrients and Chronic Pain: A Cross\u2010Sectional Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Madison","family":"Goon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine Florida Atlantic University  Boca Raton Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalie","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine Florida Atlantic University  Boca Raton Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4237-9990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deepak","family":"Berwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Florida International University  Miami Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3749-3422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dumitru D.","family":"Branisteanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine Florida Atlantic University  Boca Raton Florida USA"},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology University of Medicine and Pharmacy \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d  Iasi Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grace","family":"Barron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine Florida Atlantic University  Boca Raton Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4859-5507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deborah R.","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery University of Arizona College of Medicine  Tucson Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marisa","family":"DiMarzio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery University of Arizona College of Medicine  Tucson Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Goudman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine Florida Atlantic University  Boca Raton Florida USA"},{"name":"STIMULUS Research Group (ReSearch and TeachIng NeuroModULation Uz Brussel) Vrije Universiteit Brussel  Brussels Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie G.","family":"Pilitsis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery University of Arizona College of Medicine  Tucson Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/JCM11195950"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001384"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aet123"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12092510"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(21)00393\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","article-title":"Managing Pain","volume":"2022","author":"Wager T. D.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cerebrum"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pmrj.12244"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn.81.2.341"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00379.2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mmt.2002.122324"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001389"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/21501319231174116"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/JOURNAL.PONE.0240416"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15194129"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp\u20102022\u2010329849"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15122749"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnaa378"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_13_19_1","first-page":"481","article-title":"Vitamin C and Prevention of Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy Following Surgical Management of Distal Radius Fractures","volume":"68","author":"Cazeneuve J. F.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Orthopaedica Belgica"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.F.01147"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_1","unstructured":"H. S.Na J. H.Ryu andS. H.Do \u201cThe Role of Magnesium in Pain. Magnesium in the Central Nervous System\u201d(University of Adelaide Press 2011)."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000004673"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5812\/aapm.112348"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9060674"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.931090"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ACO.0000000000001372"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926\u2010016\u20100569\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967\u2010017\u20101179\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18102170"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pme.12454"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jnsbm.JNSBM_128_17"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/JN\/136.4.1126"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/NRNEPH.2012.112"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/S41574\u2010021\u201000593\u2010Z"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/JC.2012\u20103106"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/S11845\u2010023\u201003521\u20104\/TABLES\/5"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/FMED.2020.596007"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007771.pub3"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203314558676"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/EDM2.203"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2019.1691953"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296\u2010011\u20102334\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0885\u20103924(99)00135\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542\u2010199602000\u201000011"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/NU10091202"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12071963"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cdn\/nzaa038"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/S12603\u2010010\u20100077\u2010Y"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/NU12103006"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/NU10020181"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/JN\/NXAC168"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954422417000270"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/AJCN\/NQZ184"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2022.02.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2016.02.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15214699"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23736\/S0026\u20104806.23.08795\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2006.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2022.06.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2024.156614"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13679\u2010021\u201000433\u20101"}],"container-title":["Pain Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/papr.70053","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T00:47:16Z","timestamp":1749430036000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/papr.70053"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/papr.70053"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/papr.70053","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1530-7085","1533-2500"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1530-7085","type":"print"},{"value":"1533-2500","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-07-09","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-05-05","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-05-16","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70053"}}