{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T07:18:24Z","timestamp":1767165504493,"version":"build-2238731810"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,28]],"date-time":"2025-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751068800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pain Practice"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is a nonpharmacological, minimally invasive intervention designed to ameliorate chronic low back pain. However, meta\u2010analyses have not supported the use of SCS due to a lack of high\u2010quality evidence. This work provides the necessary information to design better statistically powered clinical trials for SCS by providing estimates and variances for various patient\u2010reported outcomes and biometrics across time in this population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cohort of 18 patients was followed across 7\u2009months before and after SCS implantation. The patients were administered a monthly battery of patient\u2010reported outcomes, and daily biometrics were obtained. Multilevel Bayesian distributional models quantified the median and variance change across time, both of which are necessary in sample size calculations. Secondary to estimating effects, we also determine the probability of a directional effect and equivalence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Scales for pain show sustained improvements and stable variance. There were no changes in quality\u2010of\u2010life medians or variance. Robust improvements were made in fatigue and reported sleep quality, despite an unclear effect on total hours slept as recorded by the daily wearable. Resting heart rate decreased after SCS and had low changes in variance; whereas pulse rate variability\/heart rate variability exhibited no median change across time but wild swings in variance, indicating it is a poor biomarker in this population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study reports many patient\u2010reported outcomes and digital biomarkers used in SCS clinical research, including which ones have potential value and the exact information necessary to plan future high\u2010quality clinical trials in the SCS population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There is currently only low\u2010quality evidence that spinal cord stimulation is effective for low back pain. This study supplies all the necessary information (effect estimates, variances and within\u2010measure correlations across time) to better estimate sample sizes, a primary criticism of current evidence in this population. We also provide a preliminary indication as to which patient\u2010reported outcomes and wearable measures are most effective in a spinal cord stimulation population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/papr.70058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,28]],"date-time":"2025-06-28T09:59:12Z","timestamp":1751104752000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Developing the Necessary Information for Sample Size Calculations in Future Spinal Cord Stimulation Clinical Trials"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2215-0846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew S.","family":"Tenan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University  Morgantown WV USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard M.","family":"Vaglienti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University  Morgantown WV USA"},{"name":"Center for Integrative Pain Management, Department of Anesthesiology West Virginia University  Morgantown WV USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Brandmeir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University  Morgantown WV USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University  Morgantown WV USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter E.","family":"Konrad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University  Morgantown WV USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University  Morgantown WV USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Victor S.","family":"Finomore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University  Morgantown WV USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ali R.","family":"Rezai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University  Morgantown WV USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University  Morgantown WV USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manish","family":"Ranjan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University  Morgantown WV USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University  Morgantown WV USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","volume-title":"Relieving Pain in America: A Blueprint for Transforming Prevention, Care, Education, and Research","author":"Institute of 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