{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T06:57:18Z","timestamp":1773039438242,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759363200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pain Practice"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n \n tDCS<\/jats:styled-content>\n has demonstrated hypoalgesic effects on Parkinson's disease (\n PD<\/jats:styled-content>\n )\u2010related pain applied in the On state but not in the Off state. We aimed to determine the effect of\n tDCS<\/jats:styled-content>\n in the Off state followed by dopaminergic medication on\n PD<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010related pain.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n This randomized controlled crossover trial included 15 patients (age range 39\u201381, 5 male) with\n PD<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010related pain in the Off state. All participants received both an active and sham\n tDCS<\/jats:styled-content>\n sessions of 20\u2009min over the\n M1<\/jats:styled-content>\n contralateral to pain at 2\u2009\n mA<\/jats:styled-content>\n intensity in two separate days while in Off state. Following\n tDCS<\/jats:styled-content>\n they took its dopaminergic medication. Outcome measures were assessed at baseline, post\u2010\n tDCS<\/jats:styled-content>\n and post\u2010medication intake. The Numeric Pain Rating Scale (\n NPRS<\/jats:styled-content>\n ), Global Rating Of Change (\n GROC<\/jats:styled-content>\n ), Conditioned Pain Modulation (\n CPM<\/jats:styled-content>\n ), Pain Pressure Thresholds (\n PPT<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) and Widespread Mechanical Hyperalgesia (\n WMH<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) were evaluated.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n No significant differences were found after active\n tDCS<\/jats:styled-content>\n in\n NPRS<\/jats:styled-content>\n ,\n GROC<\/jats:styled-content>\n ,\n CPM<\/jats:styled-content>\n ,\n PPT<\/jats:styled-content>\n 's or\n WMH<\/jats:styled-content>\n when compared to sham at post\u2010medication intake measure. However, examining exclusive effects of\n tDCS<\/jats:styled-content>\n in the Off state for\n NPRS<\/jats:styled-content>\n , active\n tDCS<\/jats:styled-content>\n was superior to sham\n tDCS<\/jats:styled-content>\n (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.037). No meaningful changes between stimulation conditions were found in\n GROC<\/jats:styled-content>\n ,\n CPM<\/jats:styled-content>\n ,\n PPT<\/jats:styled-content>\n 's and\n WMH<\/jats:styled-content>\n at post\u2010\n tDCS<\/jats:styled-content>\n measure.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n One session of\n tDCS<\/jats:styled-content>\n over the\n M1<\/jats:styled-content>\n alleviates pain perception in\n PD<\/jats:styled-content>\n patients in the Off state. However,\n tDCS<\/jats:styled-content>\n followed by dopaminergic medication intake does not yield additional benefits in pain processing suggesting pathways different to dopaminergic ones in pain regulation in\n PD<\/jats:styled-content>\n patients. These findings are exploratory and carry high risk of type\u2010\n II<\/jats:styled-content>\n error.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Trial Registration:<\/jats:bold>\n clinicaltrials.gov<\/jats:ext-link>\n identifier: NCT06214377\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/papr.70082","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T04:18:47Z","timestamp":1759465127000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Parkinson's Disease Patients in the Off State: A Randomized Controlled Crossover Trial Examining the Effects on Pain With and Without the Influence of Dopaminergic Medication"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3819-3090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yeray","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez\u2010Zamorano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Doctorate School, 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