{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T15:05:39Z","timestamp":1768403139127,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763424000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763424000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pain Practice"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We evaluated the immediate and long\u2010term therapeutic efficacy of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) using two distinct montages of anodal and cathodal electrical stimulation over the primary visual cortex compared with a sham tDCS in patients with chronic migraines.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this randomized, double\u2010blind, controlled trial, 72 eligible patients with resistant chronic migraine were randomly assigned to one of three groups, receiving anodal or cathodal (2\u2009mA for 20\u2009min), or sham tDCS (0.5\u2009mA for 30\u2009s), over the pain\u2010dominant side of the primary visual cortex. Clinical features including the number of migraine attacks per month, attack duration, pain intensity, and frequency of painkiller use at baseline, 2\u2009months after starting and ending tDCS therapy were recorded using a personal questionnaire.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Both anodal and cathodal real tDCS protocols resulted in a significant reduction in the number of attacks, pain intensity, attack duration, and frequency of painkiller use during the treatment period compared to baseline. There was no significant difference between the two treatment groups regarding the therapeutic efficacy. However, only anodal tDCS significantly maintained the beneficial therapeutic effects on the number of migraine attacks and painkiller use at the follow\u2010up phase. The sham protocol did not produce any significant clinical utility in this population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study supports the analgesic effects of the proposed real tDCS approaches in patients with resistant chronic migraine. Anodal tDCS may offer superior benefits to cathodal tDCS, likely by stabilizing therapeutic outcomes through reorganizing the thalamocortical pathway.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/papr.70092","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T09:11:46Z","timestamp":1763457106000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Immediate and Long\u2010Term Effects of Different Montages of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Over Primary Visual Cortex in Patients With Chronic Migraine: A Randomized, Double\u2010Blind, Sham\u2010Controlled Trial"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Cyrus Emir","family":"Alavi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Research Center, Trauma Institute Guilan University of Medical Sciences  Rasht Iran"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology Poursina Hospital Guilan University of 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