{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T14:12:59Z","timestamp":1788876779903,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784505600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pain Practice"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Transforaminal epidural steroid injection (TFESI) is commonly applied for lumbar radicular pain. High\u2010level evidence supports the use in disc\u2010related radiculopathy, while evidence for TFESI in neuroforaminal stenosis remains consensus\u2010based.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A retrospective repeated cross\u2010sectional study was conducted covering January 2013\u2013December 2022. The dataset comprised 11,208 unique patients reimbursed for TFESI. Trends in clinical indications were analyzed using automated keyword\u2010based text recognition. Representative cohorts from 2014 (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009266) and 2022 (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009299) were randomly selected for clinical and radiologic reviews. Imaging was reassessed according to established grading systems. Pain intensity and global perceived effect were evaluated approximately 6\u2009weeks post\u2010injection. Parametric and non\u2010parametric statistics, linear regression, and ordinal logistic regression were applied. A two\u2010sided\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05 was considered statistically significant.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Mean patient age and the proportion of stenosis\u2010related indications both increased steadily between 2013 and 2022 (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). In the studied cohorts, short\u2010term pain decreased significantly after TFESI across all phenotypical subcategories, except for moderate\u2010to\u2010severe central canal compression in 2014. Neuroforaminal stenosis predicted greater pain improvement regardless of its nature in 2014 (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.006), whereas disco\u2010osteophyte abnormalities and chronic or recurrent symptoms were associated with less pain reduction in 2022 (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Female patients showed less short\u2010term improvement than males. At one\u2010year follow\u2010up, central canal stenosis predicted a lower likelihood of being pain\u2010free (OR\u2009=\u20090.63,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.022).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This retrospective study found an upward trend in patient age and a growing proportion of non\u2010discogenic neuroforaminal stenosis as indications for TFESI. While modest short\u2010term pain reduction was observed, outcomes were slightly negatively influenced by central compression, disco\u2010osteophyte abnormalities, chronic symptoms, and female sex.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/papr.70191","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T08:01:29Z","timestamp":1784534489000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ten Years of Lumbar Transforaminal Epidural Steroid Injections in a Tertiary Referral Center: Trends in Clinical Indications and Outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7608-3129","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. L.","family":"De Witte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Multidisciplinary Pain Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care AZORG Hospital  Aalst Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8915-1424","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S.","family":"Beld\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology AZORG Hospital  Aalst Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2665-8639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H.","family":"Selmani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology AZORG Hospital  Aalst Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3210-4986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Versavel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology AZORG Hospital  Aalst Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1195-8454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"T.","family":"Eykens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multidisciplinary Pain Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care AZORG Hospital  Aalst Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9758-1056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A.","family":"De Norre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multidisciplinary Pain Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care AZORG Hospital  Aalst Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5047-7796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Van Der Meersch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology AZORG Hospital  Aalst Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2011.01116.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcot.2020.06.004"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","first-page":"S209","article-title":"Transforaminal Epidural Steroid Injections: A Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis of Efficacy and Safety","volume":"24","author":"Helm I. 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