{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T07:11:56Z","timestamp":1790406716984,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,31]],"date-time":"2015-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1440979200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychol Psychother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]},"abstract":"\n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n \n Avoidant personality disorder (\n A<\/jats:styled-content>\n v\n PD<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) and social phobia (\n SP<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) are common, closely related conditions. Little is known about the underlying processes\u00a0related to the social discomfort of subjects with\n A<\/jats:styled-content>\n v\n PD<\/jats:styled-content>\n and\n SP<\/jats:styled-content>\n . Both disorders are\u00a0associated with interpersonal problems. An attachment perspective may shed light on similarities and differences in close relationships between the disorders. The aim of the study was to compare self\u2010reported attachment styles in patients with\n A<\/jats:styled-content>\n v\n PD<\/jats:styled-content>\n and\n SP<\/jats:styled-content>\n . We expected that patients with\n A<\/jats:styled-content>\n v\n PD<\/jats:styled-content>\n would have more attachment\u00a0anxiety and avoidance and more often a\n \n F<\/jats:styled-content>\n earful\n <\/jats:italic>\n attachment style, compared with\n SP<\/jats:styled-content>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design<\/jats:title>\n \n This is a cross\u2010sectional multisite study of 90 adult patients with\n A<\/jats:styled-content>\n v\n PD<\/jats:styled-content>\n and\n SP<\/jats:styled-content>\n . Patients with\n A<\/jats:styled-content>\n v\n PD<\/jats:styled-content>\n with and without\n SP<\/jats:styled-content>\n (\n A<\/jats:styled-content>\n v\n PD<\/jats:styled-content>\n group) were compared with patients with\n SP<\/jats:styled-content>\n without\n A<\/jats:styled-content>\n v\n PD<\/jats:styled-content>\n (\n SP<\/jats:styled-content>\n group).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Patients were assessed using structured diagnostic interviews and self\u2010reporting questionnaires, including Experiences in Close Relationships (\n ECR<\/jats:styled-content>\n ). The\n ECR<\/jats:styled-content>\n dimensions,\n Anxiety<\/jats:italic>\n and\n Avoidance<\/jats:italic>\n , and the new described five factors of the\n ECR<\/jats:styled-content>\n were used.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n The\n A<\/jats:styled-content>\n v\n PD<\/jats:styled-content>\n group had higher levels of attachment anxiety than the\n SP<\/jats:styled-content>\n group, especially for the sub\u2010factors\n Anxiety for abandonment<\/jats:italic>\n and\n Separation frustration<\/jats:italic>\n . The diagnostic groups did not differ in levels of avoidance.\n Anxiety for abandonment<\/jats:italic>\n was still associated with\n A<\/jats:styled-content>\n v\n PD<\/jats:styled-content>\n after controlling for symptom disorders and the criteria of other personality disorders. A\n Fearful<\/jats:italic>\n attachment style was more frequent among patients with\n A<\/jats:styled-content>\n v\n PD<\/jats:styled-content>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n The results indicate\n A<\/jats:styled-content>\n v\n PD<\/jats:styled-content>\n is associated with more attachment anxiety than\n SP<\/jats:styled-content>\n . Fear of abandonment may play a significant role in the\n A<\/jats:styled-content>\n v\n PD<\/jats:styled-content>\n pathology.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Practitioner points<\/jats:title>\n \n \n \n \n This is the first study to compare attachment styles in patients with avoidant personality disorder (\n A<\/jats:styled-content>\n v\n PD<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) and social phobia (\n SP<\/jats:styled-content>\n ).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n \n The\n A<\/jats:styled-content>\n v\n PD<\/jats:styled-content>\n group had higher attachment\u2010related anxiety than the\n SP<\/jats:styled-content>\n group, and anxiety was most pronounced for the fear of abandonment.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n \n \n Fear of abandonment may play an important role in the\n A<\/jats:styled-content>\n v\n PD<\/jats:styled-content>\n pathology.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:list-item>\n <\/jats:list>\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/papt.12075","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,2]],"date-time":"2015-09-02T12:27:38Z","timestamp":1441196858000},"page":"245-260","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Attachment styles in patients with avoidant personality disorder compared with social phobia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"89","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6619-4723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ingeborg","family":"Eiken\u00e6s","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Mental Health and Addiction Department of Group Psychotherapy Vestfold Hospital Trust T\u00f8nsberg Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geir","family":"Pedersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Mental Health and Addiction Department of Personality Psychiatry Oslo University Hospital Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theresa","family":"Wilberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Mental Health and Addiction Department of Research and Development Oslo University Hospital Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","volume-title":"Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation","author":"Ainsworth M. D. S.","year":"1978"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM\u2010IV","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2008.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2006.10.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0265407590072001"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.61.2.226"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-006-0101-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20670"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","volume-title":"Attachment. Vol. 1, Attachment and Loss","author":"Bowlby J.","year":"1969"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","volume-title":"Attachment. Vol. 2, Anxiety and Anger","author":"Bowlby J.","year":"1973"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","volume-title":"Attachment. Vol. 3, Loss: Sadness and Depression","author":"Bowlby J.","year":"1980"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","volume-title":"A secure base. Clinical applications of attachment theory","author":"Bowlby J.","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","first-page":"46","volume-title":"Self\u2010report measurement of adult attachment: An integrative overview Attachment theory and close relationships","author":"Brennan K. A.","year":"1998"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","first-page":"123","article-title":"Social anxiety disorder: A review of environmental risk factors","volume":"4","author":"Brook C. A.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.71.4.810"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.58.4.644"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20475"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00048674.2010.507544"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_21_1","first-page":"465","volume-title":"Handbook of attachment; theory, research and clinical applications","author":"Crowell J. A.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2009.09.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005\u20107894%2802%2980037\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_24_1","volume-title":"SCL\u201090\u2010R: Symptom Checklist\u201090\u2010R: Administration, scoring and procedures manual","author":"Derogatis L. R.","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_25_1","first-page":"315","article-title":"Evaluation of the German version of the attachment questionnaire \u201cExperiences in Close Relationships \u2010 Revised\u201d (ECR\u2010RD)","volume":"59","author":"Ehrenthal J. C.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychotherapie Psychosomatik Medizinische Psychologie"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi_2013_27_109"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1528-3542.1.4.365"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_28_1","volume-title":"The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM\u2010IV Axis II Personality Disorders (SCID\u2010II)","author":"First M. B.","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-200301000-00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_30_1","unstructured":"George C. Kaplan N. &Main M.(1996).Adult Attachment Interview. Unpublished manuscript.Berkley CA:Department of Psychology University of California."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.2008.22.1.22"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.596"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_33_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"Issues, designs, and technical guidelines for adapting tests into multiple languages and cultures","volume":"1","author":"Hambleton R. K.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Adapting Educational and Psychological Tests for Cross\u2010Cultural Assessment"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.52.3.511"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327965pli0501_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_36_1","first-page":"465","volume-title":"Handbook of attachment; theory, research and clinical applications","author":"Hesse E.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_37_1","volume-title":"The clinical measurment package: A field manual","author":"Hudson W. W.","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2007.03.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7894(01)80032-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi_2013_27_079"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_41_1","first-page":"161","volume-title":"Attachment in the preschool years: Theory, research, and intervention. The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation series on mental health and development","author":"Main M.","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_42_1","first-page":"95","volume-title":"Affective development in infancy","author":"Main M.","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2012.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.2005.19.6.641"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.2004.18.4.320"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024515519160"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_47_1","volume-title":"Disorders of personality: DSM\u2010III: Axis II","author":"Millon T.","year":"1981"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.180.5.461"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200209000-00012"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/08039488.2013.859298"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/08039481003728586"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pmh.1298"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2001.00128.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2005.00580.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_55_1","first-page":"27","volume-title":"Social anxiety; clinical, developmental, and social perspectives","author":"Reich J.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579407070149"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_57_1","volume-title":"Maskespill, tilknytningsm\u00f8nster hos pasienter med unnvikende personlighetsforstyrrelse [Masque, attachment pattern in patients with avoidant personality disorder]","author":"Rindal G.","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0019031"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02230402"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_60_1","volume-title":"Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI)","author":"Sheehan D. V.","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1177\/070674379003500706","article-title":"Attachment pathology and low social skills in avoidant personality disorder: An exploratory study","volume":"35","author":"Sheldon A. E.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2009.07.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_63_1","unstructured":"SPSS. (2007).SPSS for Windows (Version 16).Chicago IL:Author."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.18.6.571.54792"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_65_1","first-page":"14","article-title":"The empirical (ir)relevance of attachment theory","volume":"4","author":"Tiliopoulos N.","year":"2012","journal-title":"ACPARIAN"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199705000-00014"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00223890701268041"}],"container-title":["Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fpapt.12075","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/bpspsychub.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/papt.12075","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T13:00:52Z","timestamp":1762261252000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bpspsychub.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/papt.12075"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,31]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/papt.12075"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/papt.12075","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1476-0835","2044-8341"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1476-0835","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-8341","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,31]]}}}