{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T07:11:58Z","timestamp":1790406718199,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,12]],"date-time":"2017-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1494547200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychol Psychother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cognitive models propose that levels of distress associated with auditory verbal hallucinations (\u2018voices\u2019) are influenced by the hearers' beliefs about their voices (perceived malevolence and omnipotence), their negative beliefs about themselves and others and their attachment style. This study aims to test a comprehensive model of the relationship between these variables in order to identify distal and proximal interpersonal and cognitive factors contributing to voice\u2010related distress. This interpersonal\u2013cognitive model of voices proposes that attachment anxiety\/avoidance drive negative beliefs about self and others, which in turn lead to persecutory (malevolent\/omnipotent) beliefs about voices, which in turn increase levels of voice\u2010related distress.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design\/Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Path analysis was used to test the interpersonal\u2013cognitive model in a sample of 180 people currently hearing voices (57% self\u2010reported schizophrenia\u2010spectrum diagnoses; 90% some form of self\u2010reported mental health diagnosis).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Path analysis provided support for a model in which there were direct pathways from attachment anxiety and avoidance to negative beliefs about self and others; direct pathways from negative beliefs about self and others to persecutory beliefs about voices; and a direct path from persecutory beliefs about voices, and negative beliefs about self, to voice distress.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Findings add support to the suggestion that voice\u2010related distress occurs in the context of an insecure attachment style and negative core beliefs about self\/others. A therapeutic focus on beliefs about voices, attachment style and core beliefs about self\/others may be important to minimize voice\u2010related distress. Further tests of this model that can establish causal relationships between variables are now needed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Practitioner points<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Distress associated with auditory verbal hallucinations (\u2018voices\u2019) is highly variable. This study tests a comprehensive interpersonal\u2013cognitive model of voice distress using path analysis with 180 participants.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>The model tested in the current paper shows that attachment style predicts negative beliefs about self and others, which in turn predicts negative beliefs about voices, which in turn predicts voice\u2010related distress.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Findings support the suggestion that voice\u2010related distress occurs in the context of an insecure attachment style and negative core beliefs about self and others.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>In addition to focusing on beliefs about voices, a therapeutic focus on attachment style and core beliefs about self and others may be important in order to minimize voice\u2010related distress.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/papt.12129","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,12]],"date-time":"2017-05-12T05:14:46Z","timestamp":1494566086000},"page":"617-632","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Echoes of others: A path analytic examination of an interpersonal\u2013cognitive model of voice\u2010related distress"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"90","author":[{"given":"Esther R.","family":"Cole","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"South West London and St George's NHS Trust London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0303-763X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clara","family":"Strauss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology University of Sussex Brighton UK"},{"name":"Sussex Partnership NHS Foundation Trust Worthing UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Fife\u2010Schaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology University of Surrey Guildford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"McCarthy\u2010Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Trinity College Dublin Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329170700253X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","volume-title":"Amos (version 22) [computer program]","author":"Arbuckle J. 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