{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T08:04:29Z","timestamp":1787904269873,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,13]],"date-time":"2017-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1505260800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["3200 BO\u2010100706\/7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3200 BO\u2010100706\/7"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychol Psychother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:label\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The concept of biased thinking \u2013 or cognitive biases \u2013 is relevant to psychotherapy research and clinical conceptualization, beyond cognitive theories. The present naturalistic study aimed to examine the changes in biased thinking over the course of a short\u2010term dynamic psychotherapy (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">STDP<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) and to discover potential links between these changes and symptomatic improvement. This study focuses on 32 self\u2010referred patients consulting for Adjustment Disorder according to\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DSM<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u2010\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IV<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u2010\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      . The therapists were experienced psychodynamically oriented psychiatrists and psychotherapists. Coding of cognitive biases (using the Cognitive Errors Rating Scale;\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CERS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) was made by external raters based on transcripts of interviews of psychotherapy; the reliability of these ratings on a randomly chosen 24% of all sessions was established. Based on the Symptom Check List\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SCL<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u201090\u2010R given before and after, the Reliable Change Index (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RCI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) was used. The assessment of cognitive errors was done at three time points: early (session 4\u20137), mid\u2010treatment (session 12\u201317), and close to the end (after session 20) of the treatment. The results showed that the total frequency of cognitive biases was stable over time (\n                      <jats:italic>p\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\n                      <jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      .20), which was true both for positive and for negative cognitive biases. In exploring the three main subscales of the\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CERS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      , we found a decrease in selective abstraction (\n                      <jats:italic>p\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\n                      <jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      .02) and an increase in personalization (\n                      <jats:italic>p\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\n                      <jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      .05). A significant link between\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RCI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      scores (outcome) and frequency of positive cognitive biases was found, suggesting that biases towards the positive might have a protective function in psychotherapy.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Practitioner points<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Therapists may be attentive to changes in biased thinking across short\u2010term dynamic psychotherapy for adjustment disorder.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Therapists may foster the emergence of positive cognitive biases at mid\u2010treatment for adjustment disorder.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/papt.12152","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,13]],"date-time":"2017-09-13T07:04:06Z","timestamp":1505286246000},"page":"143-156","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The role of cognitive biases in short\u2010term psychodynamic psychotherapy"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"91","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5603-0394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ueli","family":"Kramer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychotherapy and General Psychiatry University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Ortega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Lausanne Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gilles","family":"Ambresin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychotherapy University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean\u2010Nicolas","family":"Despland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychotherapy University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yves","family":"de Roten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychotherapy University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorder","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-200108000-00004","article-title":"Evaluations of others by borderline patients","volume":"189","author":"Arntz A.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-7358(98)00081-6","article-title":"Acquisition of adaptive skills: Psychotherapeutic change in cognitive and dynamic therapies","volume":"19","author":"Badgio P. 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