{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T19:00:16Z","timestamp":1776884416763,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,20]],"date-time":"2017-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1508457600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychol Psychother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Electroconvulsive therapy (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ECT<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) continues to be used in England, but without comprehensive national auditing. Therefore, information was gathered on usage, demographics, consent, and adherence to the guidelines of the National Institute of Clinical Excellence (N.I.C.E.) and to the Mental Health Act.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Freedom of Information Act requests were sent to 56 National Health Service Trusts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Thirty\u2010two trusts provided some usable data. Only 10 were able to report how many people received psychological therapy prior to\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ECT<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      in accordance with N.I.C.E. recommendations, with figures ranging from 0% to 100%. The number of people currently receiving\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ECT<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      in England annually is between 2,100 and 2,700, and falling. There was a 12\u2010fold difference between the Trusts with the highest and lowest usage rates per capita. Most recipients are still women (66%) and over 60 (56%). More than a third (39%) is given without consent, with 30% of Trusts not adhering to mental health legislation concerning second opinions. At least 44% were not using validated measures of efficacy, and at least 33% failed to do so for adverse effects. Only four provided any actual data for positive outcomes or adverse effects. None provided any data on efficacy beyond the end of treatment.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      National audits should be reinstated. Independent, objective monitoring of adverse effects is urgently required. An investigation into why\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ECT<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      is still administered excessively to older people and women seems long overdue.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Practitioner points<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Mental health staff should seek to ensure that all depressed people in their service are offered evidence\u2010based psychological treatments before being offered E.C.T.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Staff should lobby managers to ensure proper auditing of E.C.T. within their service<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Individuals receiving ECT should be closely monitored for adverse cognitive effects<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Overuse of ECT with women and older people should be avoided<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/papt.12160","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,20]],"date-time":"2017-10-20T03:16:51Z","timestamp":1508469411000},"page":"263-277","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["An audit of ECT in England 2011\u20132015: Usage, demographics, and adherence to guidelines and legislation"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"91","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5159-1192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Read","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology University of East London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Harrop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"West London NHS Mental Health Trust UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jim","family":"Geekie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NHS Education for Scotland Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Renton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"West London NHS Mental Health Trust UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/9780230342507_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","volume-title":"Brain\u2010disabling treatments in psychiatry","author":"Breggin P.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","volume-title":"ECT minimum dataset 2016\u201317: Activity data report \u2013 England, Wales, Northern Ireland & Republic of Ireland","author":"Buley N.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d4551"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","volume-title":"ECT minimum dataset activity data report \u2013 England & Wales 1 April 2012\u201331 March 2013","author":"Cresswell J.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","volume-title":"Second national report: October 2005\u2013October 2007","author":"Cresswell J.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-137-29589-7_9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","unstructured":"Davies N. &Duncan P.(2017).Electroconvulsive therapy on the rise again in England. 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