{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T20:39:04Z","timestamp":1790195944679,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,1]],"date-time":"2019-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1554076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bpspsychub.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychol Psychother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There is considerable evidence that early parenting has profound effects on a range of physiological and psychological maturation processes. Furthermore, psychotherapy often addresses some of the distortions and developmental difficulties that have arisen from early childhood. While research has focused on obvious candidates such as abuse and neglect, this paper reviews some of the core themes related to a less investigated area, specifically parental shame on child development. Role shame sensitive parenting styles will be explored against an evolutionary background that contrasts early human and modern human rearing contexts. We also outline a study examining the role of shame in psychological controlling and dysfunctional parenting styles, its relationship to different dimensions of shame and fears of compassion.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An online survey was conducted containing self\u2010report measures of dysfunctional parenting styles, three dimensions of shame (external, internal, and reflected), fears of compassion, mental health indices, and a measure of psychological flexibility.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An online survey was accessed by 333 parents (306 being female) with a child between the ages of 3\u20139\u00a0years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Two hierarchical multiple regressions indicated support for our two primary hypotheses, with shame explaining significant variance in both psychological controlling and dysfunctional parenting styles over and above that explained by psychological inflexibility, parental mental health, and fears of compassion. Additionally, results from standard multiple regressions indicated that fears of compassion account for significant variance in external shame, as well as internal and reflected shame.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Recommendations for future research include focusing on parental motivation in order to help support parents and children are provided.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Practitioner points<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Shame is a major factor for how parents engage in parenting practices and respond to their children<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Practitioners need to be sensitive to the shame parents can experience and asses for it<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Assessing shame\u2010threat in parenting and shifting to compassionate motivation can lead to more responsive and positive parenting<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/papt.12223","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,1]],"date-time":"2019-04-01T05:40:59Z","timestamp":1554097259000},"page":"238-260","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Human evolution and culture in relationship to shame in the parenting role: Implications for psychology and psychotherapy"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"92","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0703-1534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James N.","family":"Kirby","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hayley","family":"Sampson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamin","family":"Day","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Newcastle New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Family Action Centre The University of Newcastle Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan","family":"Hayes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Newcastle New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Family Action Centre The University of Newcastle Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Gilbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia"},{"name":"The University of Derby UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15374424jccp2104_12"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2004.00698.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0191-8869(94)90150-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.5.2.137"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-018-0384-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). (2012).Childhood education and care Australia June 2011(Catalogue No. 4402.0). Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1948550618784890"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/10422-002"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1126611"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006199-200401000-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2010.02281.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-017-1262-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0026796"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2011.03.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-014-1591-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0037618"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_1","first-page":"240","article-title":"Compassion\u2010focused therapy with children and adolescents","volume":"23","author":"Carona C.","year":"2017","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychiatry Advances"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_1","volume-title":"Handbook of attachment: Theory, research and clinical applications. The","author":"Cassidy J.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(18)30003-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X09991105"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gbb.12263"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-007-0512-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/12326-000"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(99)00009-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.130.3.355"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acrefore\/9780190236557.013.44"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-anthro-102214-013918"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203789544"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579497001399"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167214524992"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195114799.003.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_34_1","first-page":"283","volume-title":"The self\u2010conscious emotions: Theory and research","author":"Gilbert P.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/12326-014"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_36_1","volume-title":"Living LIKE CRAZY","author":"Gilbert P.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195114799.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_38_1","first-page":"127","article-title":"Cultural differences in shame\u2010focused attitudes towards mental health problems in Asian and non\u2010Asian student women Mental Health","volume":"10","author":"Gilbert P.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Religion & Culture"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315564296"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/147608310X526511"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.507"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_42_1","volume-title":"The gardener and the carpenter","author":"Gopnik A.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0191-8869(94)90149-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_44_1","volume-title":"Sapiens: A brief history of humankind","author":"Harrari Y.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2017.12.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-014-0049-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_47_1","volume-title":"Attachment in therapeutic practice","author":"Holmes J.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691614568352"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_49_1","volume-title":"Mothers and others. The evolutionary origins of mutual understanding","author":"Hrdy S. B.","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/papt.12227"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_51_1","first-page":"147","volume-title":"Parenting: An ecological perspective","author":"Karraker K. H.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.31.6.907"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-015-0123-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cpsp.12149"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_55_1","first-page":"312","volume-title":"The handbook of compassion science","author":"Kirby J. N.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-017-0989-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315564296-15"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-anthro-102116-041448"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_59_1","article-title":"What to teach parents to reduce disruptive child behaviour: Two meta\u2010analyses of parenting program components","author":"Leijten P.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_60_1","volume-title":"Shame and guilt in neurosis","author":"Lewis H. B.","year":"1971"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721417731378"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2008.01228.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_63_1","volume-title":"Manual for the depression anxiety stress scales","author":"Lovibond S. H.","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511570896"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199913619.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0038236"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-006-9091-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-018-0829-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_69_1","volume-title":"Touching: The human significance of the skin","author":"Montagu A.","year":"1971"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315564296-10"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_71_1","volume-title":"Evolution, early experiences in human development: From research to practice and policy","author":"Narvaez D.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1037\/10422-008","volume-title":"Intrusive parenting: How psychological control affects children and adolescents","author":"Olsen S. F.","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_73_1","volume-title":"SPSS survival manual","author":"Pallant J.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8341.1986.tb02664.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.1995.77.3.819"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_76_1","unstructured":"Rolfe H.(2005) Men in childcare occupational segregation. Working Paper Series No. 35 Equal Opportunities Commission."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2014.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-6811.2009.01219.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780190464684.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-016-1315-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_81_1","volume-title":"The developing mind: How relationships and the brain interact to shape who we are","author":"Siegel D. J.","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-9020.2010.00283.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/icd.1922"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.62.4.669"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.12148"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_86_1","volume-title":"The self\u2010conscious emotions: Theory and research","author":"Tracy J. L.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_87_1","unstructured":"Zero to Three. (2016).Tuning in: Parents of young children speak up about what they think know and need. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.zerotothree.org\/espanol\/national-parent-survey"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_88_1","unstructured":"Zubrick S. R. Silburn S. R. Garton A. F. Burton P. Dalby R. Carlton J. \u2026Lawrence D.(1995).Western Australian Child Health Survey: Developing health and well\u2010being in the nineties. Retrieved from:http:\/\/ecite.utas.edu.au\/6376"}],"container-title":["Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/papt.12223","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/papt.12223","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/bpspsychub.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/papt.12223","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T17:18:10Z","timestamp":1762276690000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bpspsychub.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/papt.12223"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/papt.12223"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/papt.12223","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1476-0835","2044-8341"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1476-0835","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-8341","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-02-24","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-04-01","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}