{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:01:24Z","timestamp":1790640084433,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,31]],"date-time":"2021-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EX 17\/6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EX 17\/6"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bpspsychub.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychol Psychother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Individuals with obsessive\u2010compulsive disorder (OCD) often suffer from impairments in social functioning. This study investigates differences in empathy, compassion, and Theory of Mind (ToM) in individuals with OCD as a possible cause for social functioning deficits.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sixty\u2010four individuals diagnosed with OCD and 62 healthy individuals completed a naturalistic behavioural task (EmpaToM) and a self\u2010report measure (Interpersonal Reactivity Index, IRI).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Three preregistered repeated measures analyses of variance (ANOVAs).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>People with OCD exhibited higher empathy levels \u2013 namely increased sharing of others\u2019 suffering \u2013 in the EmpaToM task and reported more distress (IRI) compared with healthy individuals. Furthermore, no differences in compassion (EmpaToM) between both groups emerged, although people with OCD reported more concern for others (IRI) compared with healthy individuals. Concerning the ToM, no group differences were detected, neither in the behavioural task, nor self\u2010report.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>By investigating OCD with diverse scientific practices we shed light on the higher levels of empathy exhibited by individuals with OCD, which are relevant for clinical practice and our understanding of OCD symptomatology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Practitioner Points<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"explicit-label\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>People with obsessive\u2010compulsive disorder show higher levels of empathy, that is the increased sharing of others\u2019 suffering, compared with healthy individuals in both a traditional self\u2010report and a naturalistic task.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Regarding compassion, that is caring for others, their self\u2010reported compassion was higher in people with OCD.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>In Theory of Mind, that is cognitively understanding the situation of another person, no differences have been found neither at self\u2010report nor in a naturalistic task compared with healthy individuals.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Independent of traditional interventions, it could prove useful to improve emotion regulation skills so people with OCD learn to cope with empathic distress. Furthermore, it might strengthen the treatment gains and lower dropout rates if the social mind and consequently social relationships become a topic in the treatment and prevention of OCD.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/papt.12358","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,31]],"date-time":"2021-07-31T03:38:47Z","timestamp":1627702727000},"page":"1-17","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Empathy, compassion, and theory of mind in obsessive\u2010compulsive disorder"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"95","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4301-590X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maike","family":"Salazar K\u00e4mpf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Universit\u00e4t Leipzig Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philipp","family":"Kanske","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Psychology and Behavioral Neuroscience Faculty of Psychology Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden Germany"},{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Leipzig Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Kleiman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Universit\u00e4t Leipzig Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anke","family":"Haberkamp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Philipps Universit\u00e4t Marburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Glombiewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e4t Koblenz\u2010Landau Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cornelia","family":"Exner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Universit\u00e4t Leipzig Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/070674370605100702"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0145445512444596"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-010-0337-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2017.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-9004.2010.00303.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2013.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2015.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1891\/0889-8391.33.2.157"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2013.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.44.1.113"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2004.029678"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2006.08.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1534582304267187"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.2451"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/12061-007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0020764006074540"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/emo0000661"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","unstructured":"Exner C. 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