{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T20:59:12Z","timestamp":1774299552650,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]],"date-time":"2021-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630886400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bpspsychub.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychol Psychother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:label\/>\n                    <jats:p>Rhythmic eye movements performed during eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy have been shown to evoke a physiological de\u2010arousal pattern.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Here, we examined whether the efficacy of a virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET) paradigm for phobic patients could be improved by adding rhythmic eye movements.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Spider\u2010phobic patients (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200953) were randomly assigned to either a group performing rhythmic eye movements or a control group undergoing exposure without such eye movements.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>During the VRET session, heart rate, electrodermal activity, eye movements, and subjective fear ratings were recorded. Participants underwent behavioural avoidance tests before and after treatment as well as a follow\u2010up 10\u201314\u2009days later. Questionnaire data were assessed before exposure and at follow\u2010up.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There were clear treatment effects in both groups with almost no group differences (i.e., the subjective fear ratings and the skin conductance response).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Contrary to our expectation, the implementation of rhythmic eye movements during virtual exposure did not enhance the effectiveness of the treatment. However, the eye movement group did show a significantly lower heart rate during exposure compared with the control group which might indicate a less stressful treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Practitioner points<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:list list-type=\"bullet\">\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>One\u2010session Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy reduced fear of spiders effectively.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Performing rhythmic eye movements during exposure did not enhance therapy effects.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                        <jats:list-item>\n                          <jats:p>Rhythmic eye movements during exposure resulted in lower heart rate than standard exposure.<\/jats:p>\n                        <\/jats:list-item>\n                      <\/jats:list>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/papt.12363","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]],"date-time":"2021-09-07T01:32:57Z","timestamp":1630978377000},"page":"57-78","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Effects of rhythmic eye movements during a virtual reality exposure paradigm for spider\u2010phobic patients"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"Jessica","family":"Reitmaier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy Institute of Psychology University of Regensburg Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anika","family":"Schiller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy Institute of Psychology University of Regensburg Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"M\u00fchlberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy Institute of Psychology University of Regensburg Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Pfaller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy Institute of Psychology University of Regensburg Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology PFH \u2013 Private University of Applied Sciences G\u00f6ttingen Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6281-0901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Youssef","family":"Shiban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology PFH \u2013 Private University of Applied Sciences G\u00f6ttingen Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8260.1997.tb01408.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocrd.2015.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003388.pub3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00773"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-017-0788-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0148237"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.680"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1026\/\/1616-1041.2.4.199"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2007.05.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","volume-title":"Structured clinical interview for DSM\u2010IV\u2010TR Axis I Disorders, Research Version, Patient Edition (SCID\u2010I\/P)","author":"First M. B.","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.99.1.20"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(95)00048-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cpb.2007.9962"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(01)00068-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0048577299970634"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/14737175.8.2.215"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2008.04.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/2229-3485.83221"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0000101"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/014466501163689"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5765\/jkacap.190037"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000119004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.01395"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5350\/DAJPN2014270211"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","volume-title":"Das State\u2010Trait\u2010Angstinventar: Theoretische Grundlagen und Handanweisung","author":"Laux L.","year":"1981"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2012.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.693"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2009.0277"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7916(96)00022-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-014-9454-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2016.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2013.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(80)90069-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/2229-3485.184823"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1026\/\/0012-1924.48.3.141"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2008.01.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000447671"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/105474601300343603"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2010.06.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1891\/1933-3196.10.2.70"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1026\/\/1617-6383.15.2.69"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","volume-title":"2nd international workshop on presence","author":"Schubert T.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0090-5550.46.3.296"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291706007963"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2017.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","volume-title":"Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy. Basic principles, protocols, and procedures","author":"Shapiro F.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","volume-title":"EMDR: The breakthrough therapy for overcoming anxiety, stress, and trauma","author":"Shapiro F.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470479216.corpsy0337"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2014.09.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2012.10.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2015.05.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1891\/1933-3196.2.4.282"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-89208-3_324"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5127\/jep.028212"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3402\/ejpt.v7.29476"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","first-page":"45","article-title":"Speed matters: Relationship between speed of eye movements and modification of aversive autobiographical memories","volume":"6","author":"Veen S. C.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7916(96)00026-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","unstructured":"Wittchen H.\u2010U. Wunderlich U. Gruschwitz S.&Zaudig M.(1997).SKID I. Strukturiertes Klinisches Interview f\u00fcr DSM\u2010IV. Achse I: Psychische St\u00f6rungen. Interviewheft und Beurteilungsheft. Eine deutschsprachige erweiterte Bearb. d. amerikanischen Originalversion des SKID I. [Structured Clinical Interview for DSM\u2010IV. Axis I disorders. Interview and assessment book. A German\u2010language extended edit of the American original version of SCID 1].G\u00f6ttingen:Hogrefe."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/10169-002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/papt.12145"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.01.005"}],"container-title":["Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/papt.12363","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/papt.12363","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/bpspsychub.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/papt.12363","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T10:24:18Z","timestamp":1762251858000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bpspsychub.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/papt.12363"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/papt.12363"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/papt.12363","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1476-0835","2044-8341"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1476-0835","type":"print"},{"value":"2044-8341","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-08-07","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-08-09","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-09-06","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}