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Empirical evidence suggests that enduring dispositions, including early maladaptive schemas, interact with immediate stressors to elicit auditory hallucinations. The inner critic represents the activation of such enduring dispositions and concurs with common themes in auditory hallucinations. This study aimed to investigate the effect of the inner critic on speech illusions and the emotional valence of perceived words.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A quasi\u2010experimental design was utilised.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Forty\u2010two non\u2010clinical participants (67.40% female,\n                      <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>age<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2009=\u200929.63) completed self\u2010report questionnaires measuring predisposition to hallucination\u2010like experiences, self\u2010criticism and demanding and punitive parent schema modes. Participants then completed an auditory perception task, the Babble Task, inducing speech illusions before and after an inner critic imagery manipulation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A mixed factorial analysis of variance revealed a significant main effect of the inner critic manipulation on speech illusions, with participants reporting more speech illusions after the manipulation. Participants scoring high on the demanding parent mode reported more speech illusions overall. Linguistic analysis of speech illusions demonstrated an increase in negative tone across groups following the inner critic manipulation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While acknowledging concerns regarding the convergent validity of the Babble Task, these findings add nuance to existing theories by suggesting that an activated inner critic impairs source monitoring and shapes the content of ensuing auditory intrusions. Additionally, the findings indicate the inner critic as a potential target for treatment in distressing auditory hallucinations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/papt.70007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]],"date-time":"2025-08-18T10:04:37Z","timestamp":1755511477000},"page":"80-96","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Activation of the inner critic increases speech illusions and negative emotional valence of perceived speech"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"99","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6129-3680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"June","family":"Engeland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health University of the Sunshine Coast  Sippy Downs Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7873-4264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Allen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health University of the Sunshine Coast  Sippy Downs Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3862-2986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel","family":"Brand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health University of the Sunshine Coast  Sippy Downs Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.2577"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13546805.2017.1294056"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425787"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2020.101635"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2017.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.70045"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/papt.12049"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbx161"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2017.12.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13546805.2010.530472"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.10.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033\u20102909.107.1.82"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044\u20108260.1985.tb01331.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2013.03.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291712002760"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2023.105208"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/papt.12500"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13546805.2021.1941831"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2014.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.41.4.1149"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","volume-title":"Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics","author":"Field A.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2017.05.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291720002238"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","first-page":"41","article-title":"Dimensionality of hallucinatory predisposition: Confirmatory factor analysis of the Launay\u2010Slade hallucination scale\u2010 revised in college students","volume":"26","author":"Fonseca\u2010Pedrero E.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anales de Psicolog\u00eda"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","volume-title":"Statistical methods","author":"Freund R. 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