{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T06:05:48Z","timestamp":1780725948037,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bpspsychub.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Psychol Psychother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Exposure\u2010based CBT is highly effective in treating patients with panic disorder and agoraphobia; however, access to such treatments is often limited. Smartphone\u2010based self\u2010management apps offer a promising low\u2010threshold treatment alternative to face\u2010to\u2010face therapy. Although such health apps have shown to be effective in reducing anxiety symptoms, comparisons to active treatments are still scarce. Therefore, this study compared the effectiveness of a self\u2010help app to an established face\u2010to\u2010face CBT intervention for panic and agoraphobia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The present study conducts a post hoc comparison of two independent RCTs examining participants with panic disorder and\/or agoraphobia. Interventions in both studies were based on the same CBT manual. Study 1 (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009138) included face\u2010to\u2010face CBT; Study 2 addressed the effects of a digital self\u2010help intervention (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200957). Main outcomes comprised symptoms of both panic disorder and agoraphobia, depressive symptoms and agoraphobic avoidance. Data were analysed using linear mixed models in intent\u2010to\u2010treat and completer data sets.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Linear mixed models showed that face\u2010to\u2010face treatment was superior to app treatment in reducing panic and agoraphobic symptoms (\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.32), depressive symptoms (\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.24) and agoraphobic avoidance (\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.12 and 0.15). Dropout rates did not differ significantly, and both interventions demonstrated high levels of adherence.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although a smartphone\u2010based CBT intervention was effective in reducing symptoms of panic and agoraphobia, its efficacy was significantly below the effects of the same intervention delivered in face\u2010to\u2010face format. Thus, digital interventions might be most suitable within a stepped\u2010care approach or to bridge waiting times for psychotherapy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/papt.70012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T04:10:15Z","timestamp":1756786215000},"page":"129-148","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Does remote match reality? Comparing the effectiveness of a self\u2010help app for panic disorder and agoraphobia to face\u2010to\u2010face\n                    <scp>CBT<\/scp>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"99","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5702-8058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justine","family":"Spies","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e4t Hamburg  Hamburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Lang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Christoph\u2010Dornier\u2010Stiftung Institut Bremen  Bremen Germany"},{"name":"Constructor University Bremen gGmbH  Bremen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander L.","family":"Gerlach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e4t Zu K\u00f6ln Klinische Psychologie Und Psychotherapie  K\u00f6ln Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tilo","family":"Kircher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e4tsklinik f\u00fcr Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie  Marburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfons","family":"Hamm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e4t Greifswald  Greifswald Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georg W.","family":"Alpers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Mannheim, School of Social Sciences and Otto Selz Institute  Mannheim Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Fydrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Humboldt\u2010Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Volker","family":"Arolt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital M\u00fcnster  M\u00fcnster Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"Deckert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e4tsklinikum W\u00fcrzburg  W\u00fcrzburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Str\u00f6hle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charit\u00e9 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans\u2010Ulrich","family":"Wittchen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IAP\u2010AVM\u2010Dresden GmbH  Dresden Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvia","family":"Helbig\u2010Lang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PTA Hamburg Psychotherapieausbildung an der Universit\u00e4t Hamburg  Hamburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20151"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0013196"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","volume-title":"Panik\u2010 und Agoraphobie\u2010Skala","author":"Bandelow B.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","unstructured":"Bandelow B. 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