{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T11:13:19Z","timestamp":1790161999172,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,5]],"date-time":"2014-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1399248000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Plant Biotechnology Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Genes conferring resistance to the herbicides glyphosate, oxyfluorfen and norflurazon were developed and tested for use as dominant selectable markers in genetic transformation of <jats:italic>Chlamydomonas reinhardtii<\/jats:italic> and as potential tools for the protection of commercial\u2010scale algal production facilities against contamination by organisms sensitive to these broad\u2010spectrum herbicides. A synthetic glyphosate acetyltransferase (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GAT<\/jats:styled-content>) gene, when fitted with a strong Chlamydomonas promoter, conferred a 2.7\u00d7\u2010fold increase in tolerance to the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EPSPS<\/jats:styled-content> inhibitor, glyphosate, in transgenic cells compared with progenitor <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WT<\/jats:styled-content> cells. A mutant Chlamydomonas protoporphyrinogen oxidase (protox, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PPO<\/jats:styled-content>) gene previously shown to produce an enzyme insensitive to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PPO<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010inhibiting herbicides, when genetically engineered, generated transgenic cells able to tolerate up to 136\u00d7 higher levels of the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PPO<\/jats:styled-content> inhibitor, oxyfluorfen, than nontransformed cells. Genetic modification of the Chlamydomonas phytoene desaturase (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PDS<\/jats:styled-content>) gene\u2010based gene sequences found in various norflurazon\u2010resistant organisms allowed production of transgenic cells tolerant to 40\u00d7 higher levels of norflurazon than nontransgenic cells. The high efficiency of all three herbicide resistance genes in producing transgenic cells demonstrated their suitability as dominant selectable markers for genetic transformation of Chlamydomonas and, potentially, other eukaryotic algae. However, the requirement for high concentrations of glyphosate and its associated negative effects on cell growth rates preclude its consideration for use in large\u2010scale production facilities. In contrast, only low doses of norflurazon and oxyfluorfen (~1.5\u00a0\u03bc<jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc> and ~0.1\u00a0\u03bc<jats:sc>m<\/jats:sc>, respectively) are required for inhibition of cell growth, suggesting that these two herbicides may prove effective in large\u2010scale algal production facilities in suppressing growth of organisms sensitive to these herbicides.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pbi.12192","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,5]],"date-time":"2014-05-05T22:18:53Z","timestamp":1399328333000},"page":"894-902","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Evaluation of three herbicide resistance genes for use in genetic transformations and for potential crop protection in algae production"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Bruggeman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry University of Nebraska Lincoln NE USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Kuehler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry University of Nebraska Lincoln NE USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donald P.","family":"Weeks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry University of Nebraska Lincoln NE USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7652.2006.00179.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","first-page":"139","volume-title":"Biosynthesis and Molecular Regulation of Amino Acids in Plants","author":"Barry G.F.","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","volume-title":"Glyphosate\u2010Tolerant 5\u2010Enolpyruvylshikimate\u20103\u2010Phosphate Synthases","author":"Barry G.F.","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","first-page":"287","volume-title":"Biosynthesis of Heme and Chlorophylls","author":"Beale S.I.","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","first-page":"29","article-title":"Carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor herbicides \u2010 mode of action and resistance mechanisms","volume":"9","author":"B\u00f6ger P.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pestic. 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