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Thus, it is important to develop a vaccine against<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HPAI<\/jats:styled-content>suitable for both humans and animals. Various approaches are underway to develop such vaccines. In particular, an edible vaccine would be a convenient way to vaccinate poultry because of the behaviour of the animals. However, an edible vaccine is still not available. In this study, we developed a strategy of effective vaccination of mice by the oral administration of transgenic<jats:italic>Arabidopsis<\/jats:italic>plants (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HA<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TG<\/jats:styled-content>) expressing haemagglutinin (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HA<\/jats:styled-content>) in the endoplasmic reticulum (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ER<\/jats:styled-content>). Expression of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HA<\/jats:styled-content>in the<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ER<\/jats:styled-content>resulted in its high\u2010level accumulation,<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2010glycosylation, protection from proteolytic degradation and long\u2010term stability. Oral administration of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HA<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TG<\/jats:styled-content>with saponin elicited high levels of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HA<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010specific systemic IgG and mucosal IgA responses in mice, which resulted in protection against a lethal influenza virus infection with attenuated inflammatory symptoms. Based on these results, we propose that oral administration of freeze\u2010dried leaf powders from transgenic plants expressing<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HA<\/jats:styled-content>in the<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ER<\/jats:styled-content>together with saponin is an attractive strategy for vaccination against influenza A virus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pbi.12235","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,26]],"date-time":"2014-07-26T06:33:27Z","timestamp":1406356407000},"page":"62-72","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Oral immunization of haemaggulutinin H5 expressed in plant endoplasmic reticulum with adjuvant saponin protects mice against highly pathogenic avian influenza A virus infection"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Goeun","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang Korea"},{"name":"Academy of Immunology and Microbiology (AIM) Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Pohang Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yun Jeong","family":"Na","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Science Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bo\u2010Gie","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of Immunology and Microbiology (AIM) Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Pohang Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun\u2010Pyo","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Science Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yong 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