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The frequency of emerging and reemerging infections and the risk of bioterrorism warrant significant efforts towards the development of prophylactic and therapeutic countermeasures. Vaccines are the mainstay of infectious disease prophylaxis. Traditional vaccines, however, are failing to satisfy the global demand because of limited scalability of production systems, long production timelines and product safety concerns. Subunit vaccines are a highly promising alternative to traditional vaccines. Subunit vaccines, as well as monoclonal antibodies and other therapeutic proteins, can be produced in heterologous expression systems based on bacteria, yeast, insect cells or mammalian cells, in shorter times and at higher quantities, and are efficacious and safe. However, current recombinant systems have certain limitations associated with production capacity and cost. Plants are emerging as a promising platform for recombinant protein production due to time and cost efficiency, scalability, lack of harboured mammalian pathogens and possession of the machinery for eukaryotic post\u2010translational protein modification. So far, a variety of subunit vaccines, monoclonal antibodies and therapeutic proteins (antivirals) have been produced in plants as candidate countermeasures against emerging, reemerging and bioterrorism\u2010related infections. Many of these have been extensively evaluated in animal models and some have shown safety and immunogenicity in clinical trials. Here, we overview ongoing efforts to producing such plant\u2010based countermeasures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pbi.12475","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,21]],"date-time":"2015-09-21T12:37:23Z","timestamp":1442839043000},"page":"1136-1159","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Plant\u2010produced candidate countermeasures against emerging and reemerging infections and bioterror agents"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Stephen J.","family":"Streatfield","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer USA Center for Molecular Biotechnology Newark DE USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natasha","family":"Kushnir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer USA Center for Molecular Biotechnology Newark DE USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vidadi","family":"Yusibov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer USA Center for Molecular Biotechnology Newark DE USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.81175-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2005.11.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2009.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2005.12.057"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11103-008-9352-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/hv.7.6.15198"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2009.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00050-08"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.285.8.1059"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-8-524"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-291X(02)02625-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.04-3215fje","article-title":"Transformation of an edible crop with the pagA gene of Bacillus anthracis","volume":"19","author":"Aziz M.A.","year":"2005","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.9.4552-4560.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/hyb.2008.0008"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07388550802046624"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2004.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01593-09"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1060028014561227"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.287.18.2391"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612811319310006"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-5327-4_5"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_24_1","first-page":"6","article-title":"An epidemic of inhalation anthrax: the first in the twentieth century. 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