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To mitigate pest\u2010inflicted food shortages, China's Government issued biosafety certificates for two genetically modified (GM) Bt maize hybrids, Bt\u2010<jats:italic>Cry1Ab<\/jats:italic> DBN9936 and Bt\u2010<jats:italic>Cry1Ab\/Cry2Aj<\/jats:italic> Ruifeng 125, in 2019. Here, we quantitatively assess the impact of both Bt maize hybrids on pest feeding damage, crop yield and food safety throughout China's maize belt. Without a need to resort to synthetic insecticides, Bt maize could mitigate lepidopteran pest pressure by 61.9\u201397.3%, avoid yield loss by 16.4\u201321.3% (range \u221211.9\u201399.2%) and lower mycotoxin contamination by 85.5\u201395.5% as compared to the prevailing non\u2010Bt hybrids. Yield loss avoidance varied considerably between experimental sites and years, as mediated by on\u2010site infestation pressure and pest identity. For either seed mixtures or block refuge arrangements, pest pressure was kept below established thresholds at 90% Bt maize coverage in Yunnan (where <jats:italic>S. frugiperda<\/jats:italic> was the dominant species) and 70% Bt maize coverage in other sites dominated by <jats:italic>Helicoverpa armigera<\/jats:italic> (H\u00fcbner) and <jats:italic>Ostrinia furnacalis<\/jats:italic> (Guen\u00e9e). Drawing on experiences from other crop\/pest systems, Bt maize <jats:italic>in se<\/jats:italic> can provide area\u2010wide pest management and thus, contribute to a progressive phase\u2010down of chemical pesticide use. Hence, when consciously paired with agroecological and biodiversity\u2010based measures, GM insecticidal crops can ensure food and nutrition security, contribute to the sustainable intensification of China's agriculture and reduce food systems' environmental footprint.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pbi.13960","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]],"date-time":"2022-11-08T07:28:55Z","timestamp":1667892535000},"page":"391-404","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Bt maize can provide non\u2010chemical pest control and enhance food safety in China"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Xianming","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengyuan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaoxing","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University  Guiyang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Plant Protection and Soil Fertility Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences  Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yizhong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Horticulture and Plant Protection Yangzhou University  Yangzhou Jiangsu Province China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guoping","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Plant Protection Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences  Zhengzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lili","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yantai Academy of Agricultural Sciences  Yantai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xueqing","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Plant Protection Shenyang Agricultural University  Shenyang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haibin","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Plant Protection Jilin Agricultural University  Changchun China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture Northeast Agricultural University  Harbin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dazhong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences  Beijing China"},{"name":"Agricultural Information Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiujing","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kris A. 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