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Despite extensive studies on core components of the antiviral RNAi pathway such as DCLs, AGOs and RDRs proteins, host factors involved in antiviral RNAi remain incompletely understood. In this study, we employed the proximity labelling approach to identify the host factors required for antiviral RNAi in\n                    <jats:italic>Nicotiana benthamiana<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Using the barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV)\u2010encoded \u03b3b, a viral suppressor of RNA silencing (VSR), as the bait protein, we identified the DEAD\u2010box RNA helicase RH20, a broadly conserved protein in plants and animals with a homologous human protein known as DDX5. We demonstrated the interaction between RH20 and BSMV \u03b3b. Knockdown or knockout of\n                    <jats:italic>RH20<\/jats:italic>\n                    attenuates the accumulation of viral small interfering RNAs, leading to increased susceptibility to BSMV, while overexpression of\n                    <jats:italic>RH20<\/jats:italic>\n                    enhances resistance to BSMV, a process requiring the cytoplasmic localization and RNA\u2010binding activity of RH20. In addition to BSMV, RH20 also negatively regulates the infection of several other positive\u2010sense RNA viruses, suggesting the broad\u2010spectrum antiviral activity of RH20. Mechanistic analysis revealed the colocalization and interaction of RH20 with SGS3\/RDR6, and disruption of either SGS3 or RDR6 undermines the antiviral function of RH20, suggesting RH20 as a new component of the SGS3\/RDR6 bodies. As a counter\u2010defence, BSMV \u03b3b VSR subverts the RH20\u2010mediated antiviral defence by interfering with the RH20\u2013SGS3 interaction. Our results uncover RH20 as a new positive regulator of antiviral RNAi and provide new potential targets for controlling plant viral diseases.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pbi.14448","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,21]],"date-time":"2024-08-21T19:57:19Z","timestamp":1724270239000},"page":"3295-3311","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["DEAD\u2010box RNA helicase RH20 positively regulates RNAi\u2010based antiviral immunity in plants by associating with SGS3\/RDR6 bodies"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2123-9363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhiyan","family":"Wen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences China Agricultural University  Beijing 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