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Relying on bacterial vector\n                    <jats:italic>Agrobacterium tumefaciens<\/jats:italic>\n                    , this process is favoured by co\u2010expression of viral silencing suppressor P19. Upon expression, the S protein enters the cell secretory pathway, before being trafficked to the plasma membrane where formation of coronavirus\u2010like particles (CoVLPs) occurs. We previously characterized the effects of influenza virus hemagglutinin forming VLPs through similar processes. However, leaf samples were only collected after 6\u2009days of expression, and it is unknown whether influenza VLPs (HA\u2010VLPs) and CoVLPs induce similar responses. Here, time course sampling was used to profile responses of\n                    <jats:italic>N. benthamiana<\/jats:italic>\n                    leaf cells expressing P19 only, or P19 and the S protein. The latter triggered early but transient activation of the unfolded protein response and waves of transcription factor genes involved in immunity. Accordingly, defence genes were induced with different expression kinetics, including those promoting lignification, terpene biosynthesis, and oxidative stress. Cross\u2010talk between stress hormone pathways also occurred, including repression of jasmonic acid biosynthesis genes after agroinfiltration, and dampening of salicylic acid responses upon S protein accumulation. Overall, HA\u2010VLP\u2010 and CoVLP\u2010induced responses broadly overlapped, suggesting nanoparticle production to have the most effects on plant immunity, regardless of the virus surface proteins expressed. Taking advantage of RNAseq inferences, we finally show the co\u2010expression of Kunitz trypsin inhibitors to reduce CoVLP\u2010induced defence and leaf symptoms, with no adverse effect on plant productivity.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pbi.70075","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,5]],"date-time":"2025-04-05T16:30:49Z","timestamp":1743870649000},"page":"99-130","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Molecular changes in agroinfiltrated leaves of\n                    <i>Nicotiana\u2009benthamiana<\/i>\n                    expressing suppressor of silencing\n                    <scp>P19<\/scp>\n                    and coronavirus\u2010like particles"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8289-4498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louis\u2010Philippe","family":"Hamel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicago Inc.  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