{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T12:32:48Z","timestamp":1790771568649,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752624000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752624000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Plant Biotechnology Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Molecular farming using edible plants offers a cost\u2010effective strategy for vaccine production because plants serve as both bioreactors and oral delivery systems. Owing to its rapid clonal propagation and high protein content, duckweed represents a promising platform for this purpose. Here, we developed an edible duckweed\u2010based vaccine targeting avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), a highly contagious respiratory pathogen in poultry, and directly compared its efficacy to that of a commercial live\u2010attenuated H120 vaccine. Transgenic duckweed expressing the IBV antigen peptide EpiC was orally administered to chickens, followed by immunological assessment and viral challenge. Without an adjuvant, the EpiC duckweed vaccine elicited robust systemic IgG and mucosal sIgA responses, conferring 100% protection against lethal IBV challenge \u2013 which is comparable to or exceeds the efficacy of the H120 vaccine. Strikingly, co\u2010administration with duckweed expressing IL\u201017B as an adjuvant synergistically enhanced immune responses, including elevated IBV\u2010specific IgGs in serum (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), increased IBV\u2010specific sIgAs in the trachea and kidney (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05), and reduced tracheal viral loads (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Transcriptomic analysis revealed the upregulation of B\u2010cell receptors and enrichment of the IgA production pathway, indicating that sIgA\u2010mediated mucosal immunity is a key protective mechanism. Histopathological analysis confirmed protection against IBV\u2010induced tissue damage, whereas a reduced viral load in critical organs demonstrated systemic efficacy. By outperforming a licenced vaccine in head\u2010to\u2010head comparisons, this work highlights the readiness of duckweed for real\u2010world adoption, offering transformative potential for combating mucosa\u2010associated infections in the poultry industry and beyond.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pbi.70218","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]],"date-time":"2025-07-17T04:40:30Z","timestamp":1752727230000},"page":"4683-4693","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Duckweed\u2010based edible vaccine confers complete protection against avian infectious bronchitis virus by inducing robust mucosal and systemic immunity"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Xiao","family":"Tan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Agricultural Microbial Agents Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Engineering and Research Center for Natural Medicines, Chengdu Institute of Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences  Chengdu China"},{"name":"Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio\u2010Resources and Eco\u2010Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science Sichuan University  Chengdu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1986-3175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ling","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Hematologic Oncology and Respiratory, Children's Medical Center The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Birth Defects, Southwest Medical University  Luzhou Sichuan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Natural Products Research, Chengdu Institute of Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences  Chengdu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agricultural Microbial Agents Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Engineering and Research Center for Natural Medicines, Chengdu Institute of Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences  Chengdu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Penghui","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agricultural Microbial Agents Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Engineering and Research Center for Natural Medicines, Chengdu Institute of Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences  Chengdu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhubin","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agricultural Microbial Agents Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Engineering and Research Center for Natural Medicines, Chengdu Institute of Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences  Chengdu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanling","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agricultural Microbial Agents Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Engineering and Research Center for Natural Medicines, Chengdu Institute of Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences  Chengdu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhuolin","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agricultural Microbial Agents Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Engineering and Research Center for Natural Medicines, Chengdu Institute of Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences  Chengdu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaize","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agricultural Microbial Agents Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Engineering and Research Center for Natural Medicines, Chengdu Institute of Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences  Chengdu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agricultural Microbial Agents Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Engineering and Research Center for Natural Medicines, Chengdu Institute of Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences  Chengdu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leyi","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Sciences Pitzer College  Claremont CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongning","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio\u2010Resources and Eco\u2010Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science Sichuan University  Chengdu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6116-6149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hai","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agricultural Microbial Agents Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Engineering and Research Center for Natural Medicines, Chengdu Institute of Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences  Chengdu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/plcell\/koab189"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2016.08.116"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/424860"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.05.076"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2007.9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41578-021-00399-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mucosal vaccination\u2010\u2010an old but still vital strategy","volume":"58","author":"Dlugonska H.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. 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