{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T23:43:56Z","timestamp":1787355836776,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753056000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753056000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Plant Biotechnology Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Mucosal vaccination for COVID\u201019 to boost preexisting though insufficient systemic and local\/mucosal immunity remains an attractive prospect but there are currently no licensed mucosal vaccines against this infection. Here, using a plant expression system, we developed a novel mucosal vaccine platform for respiratory viruses and demonstrated its application in the context of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection. In addition to the antigen itself, the PCF (Platform CTB\u2010Fc) vaccine candidate incorporates two molecular adjuvants, the IgG\u2010Fc antibody fragment and the nontoxic cholera toxin B subunit (CTB), with the first targeting the vaccine to IgG receptors on antigen\u2010presenting cells, and the second providing local adjuvanticity by targeting cellular gangliosides in the mucosae. We demonstrated that this vaccine candidate is highly immunogenic in mice, inducing virus\u2010neutralising systemic and mucosal antibodies as well as tissue resident memory T cells in the lungs. We also demonstrated that SRBD\u2010PCF is recognised by immune cells from exposed or vaccinated individuals, and that circulating antibodies also bind to the antigen within the vaccine, forming immune complexes (IC). Finally, with a view of respiratory delivery, we demonstrated that the vaccine can be aerosolised without loss of material or biological activity, and that it is noncytotoxic and nonhaemolytic to human cells. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the plant expression system represents a suitable platform to produce these complex, multifunctional macromolecules capable of simultaneously binding to multiple targets. Our data strongly support the case for a safe, self\u2010adjuvanting mucosal COVID\u201019 vaccine development, as means to boosting both systemic and mucosal immunity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pbi.70278","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,22]],"date-time":"2025-07-22T05:49:05Z","timestamp":1753163345000},"page":"284-299","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Structural Design and Immunogenicity of a Novel Self\u2010Adjuvanting Mucosal Vaccine Candidate for\n                    <scp>SARS<\/scp>\n                    \u2010\n                    <scp>CoV<\/scp>\n                    \u20102 Expressed in Plants"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Mi\u2010Young","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and the Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics Jeonbuk National University  Jeonju Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Institute for Infection and Immunity City St George's University of London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andy Cano","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Infection and Immunity City St George's University of London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ju","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and the Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics Jeonbuk National University  Jeonju Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Humblenoble Stembridge","family":"Ayuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1  Villeurbanne France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Sparrow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Infection and Immunity City St George's University of London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Bossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ImmunXperts SA A Q<sup>2<\/sup> Solutions Company  Charleroi Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Infection and Immunity City St George's University of London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emil Joseph","family":"Vergara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Infection and Immunity City St George's University of London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathrin","family":"G\u00f6ritzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Infection and Immunity City St George's University of London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Groppelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Infection and Immunity City St George's University of London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tae\u2010Ho","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gencellbiotech Inc.  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