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Delivering meaningful nutritional benefits, however, requires technologies that maintain elevated carotenoid levels under field conditions. Previous proof\u2010of\u2010concept work demonstrated that pVA content can be substantially increased in Cavendish bananas through genetic modification, providing a platform for transferring the technology into East African Highland banana (EAHB) cultivars relevant to reducing VAD in Uganda. To evaluate performance under agronomic conditions, we conducted multi\u2010generational field assessments of 27 transgenic Cavendish lines generated from seven constructs enabling constitutive or fruit\u2010preferred expression of three carotenoid biosynthesis genes:\n                    <jats:italic>ZmPsy1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>MtPsy2a<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>PaCrtI<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Constitutive expression was driven by the maize Ubi promoter, while fruit expression was regulated by Exp1 or ACO promoters. Agronomic performance and fruit carotenoid levels were analysed across three generations to explore factors influencing pVA enhancement. All transgenic lines exhibited increased fruit pVA, with the highest accumulation observed in lines constitutively expressing\n                    <jats:italic>MtPsy2a<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Promoter\u2010transgene combinations significantly affected carotenoid accumulation and the stability of the trait in the field. PVA accumulation was the highest in the initial sucker crop and declined in subsequent ratoons, reflecting sensitivity to seasonal conditions. While ACO\u2010 and Ubi\u2010driven lines were less affected by seasonal temperature changes, these variations significantly constrained pVA accumulation in wild\u2010type and Exp1\u2010regulated lines. This comprehensive assessment helps elucidate the complex interplay of promoter, isoform, and environmental factors that are essential for the long\u2010term viability of nutritional interventions aimed at combating VAD in the region.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pbi.70516","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T09:00:22Z","timestamp":1770109222000},"page":"3327-3344","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Pro\u2010Vitamin A Biofortified Cavendish Banana: Trait Stability in the Field"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3686-7998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jimmy M.","family":"Tindamanyire","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy Queensland University of Technology  Brisbane Queensland Australia"},{"name":"National Agricultural Research 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Queensland University of Technology  Brisbane Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeff","family":"Daniells","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agri\u2010Science Queensland, Department of Primary Industries  South Johnstone Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9600-7287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rob","family":"Harding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy Queensland University of Technology  Brisbane Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7910-5707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James L.","family":"Dale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Agriculture and the Bioeconomy Queensland University of Technology  Brisbane Queensland 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