{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T13:07:24Z","timestamp":1785762444779,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]],"date-time":"2022-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663632000000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]],"date-time":"2022-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663632000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000015","name":"U.S. Department of Energy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000015","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Plant Cell &amp; Environment"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The leaf economics spectrum (LES) describes multivariate correlations in leaf structural, physiological and chemical traits, originally based on diverse C<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> species grown under natural ecosystems. However, the specific contribution of C<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> species to the global LES is studied less widely. C<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> species have a CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> concentrating mechanism which drives high rates of photosynthesis and improves resource use efficiency, thus potentially pushing them towards the edge of the LES. Here, we measured foliage morphology, structure, photosynthesis, and nutrient content for hundreds of genotypes of the C<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> grass <jats:italic>Miscanthus<\/jats:italic>\u00d7\u2009<jats:italic>giganteus<\/jats:italic> grown in two common gardens over two seasons. We show substantial trait variations across <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>.\u00d7\u2009<jats:italic>giganteus<\/jats:italic> genotypes and robust genotypic trait relationships. Compared to the global LES, <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>.\u00d7\u2009<jats:italic>giganteus<\/jats:italic> genotypes had higher photosynthetic rates, lower stomatal conductance, and less nitrogen content, indicating greater water and photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency in the C<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> species. Additionally, tetraploid genotypes produced thicker leaves with greater leaf mass per area and lower leaf density than triploid genotypes. By expanding the LES relationships across C<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> species to include C<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> crops, these findings highlight that <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>.\u00d7\u2009<jats:italic>giganteus<\/jats:italic> occupies the boundary of the global LES and suggest the potential for ploidy to alter LES traits.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pce.14433","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]],"date-time":"2022-09-13T09:35:25Z","timestamp":1663061725000},"page":"3462-3475","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["The leaf economics spectrum of triploid and tetraploid C<sub>4<\/sub> grass <i>Miscanthus\u2009<b>x<\/b>\u2009giganteus<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2545-7763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuai","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation University of Illinois at Urbana\u2010Champaign Urbana Illinois USA"},{"name":"Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology University of Illinois at Urbana\u2010Champaign  Illinois Urbana USA"},{"name":"Institute for Sustainability, Energy, and Environment University of Illinois at Urbana\u2010Champaign Urbana Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher A.","family":"Moller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology University of Illinois at Urbana\u2010Champaign  Illinois Urbana USA"},{"name":"Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit, USDA ARS Urbana Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noah G.","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology University of Illinois at Urbana\u2010Champaign  Illinois Urbana USA"},{"name":"Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit, USDA ARS Urbana Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duncan G.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation University of Illinois at Urbana\u2010Champaign Urbana Illinois USA"},{"name":"Department of Plant Biology University of Illinois at Urbana\u2010Champaign Urbana Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7537-4558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erik J.","family":"Sacks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation University of Illinois at Urbana\u2010Champaign Urbana Illinois USA"},{"name":"Department of Crop Sciences University of Illinois at Urbana\u2010Champaign Urbana Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sampurna","family":"Saikia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Crop Sciences University of Illinois at Urbana\u2010Champaign Urbana Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas R.","family":"Labonte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation University of Illinois at Urbana\u2010Champaign Urbana Illinois USA"},{"name":"Department of Crop Sciences University of Illinois at Urbana\u2010Champaign Urbana Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian S.","family":"Baldwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant and Soil Sciences Mississippi State University Starkville Mississippi USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesse I.","family":"Morrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant and Soil Sciences Mississippi State University Starkville Mississippi USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3603-9997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John N.","family":"Ferguson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology University of Illinois at Urbana\u2010Champaign  Illinois Urbana USA"},{"name":"Department of Plant Sciences University of Cambridge Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6251-024X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew D. B.","family":"Leakey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation University of Illinois at Urbana\u2010Champaign Urbana Illinois USA"},{"name":"Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology University of Illinois at Urbana\u2010Champaign  Illinois Urbana USA"},{"name":"Department of Plant Biology University of Illinois at Urbana\u2010Champaign Urbana Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3199-8999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth A.","family":"Ainsworth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation University of Illinois at Urbana\u2010Champaign Urbana Illinois USA"},{"name":"Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology University of Illinois at Urbana\u2010Champaign  Illinois Urbana USA"},{"name":"Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit, USDA ARS Urbana Illinois USA"},{"name":"Department of Plant Biology University of Illinois at Urbana\u2010Champaign Urbana Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2745.2010.01651.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.12945"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.16579"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.12341"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-014-1435-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-016-0957-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.14063"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aobpla\/plv049"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2745.12102"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","unstructured":"Chae W.B.\u00a0(2012).Cytogenetics and genome structure in genus Miscanthus a potential source of bioenergy feedstocks. PhD thesis University of Illinois at Urbana\u2010Champaign IL USA."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","first-page":"658","article-title":"Polyploids exhibit higher potassium uptake and salinity tolerance in","volume":"341","author":"Chao D.\u2010Y.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arabidopsis. Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcy161"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/eru511"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gcbb.12357"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gcbb.12588"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004420050311"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.es.24.110193.002211"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiab346"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gcbb.12166"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.12051"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4173(87)80009-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcy147"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2008.01662.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10265-004-0174-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3732\/ajb.89.2.279"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/4117709"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-arplant-042817-040305"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.105.073957"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0961-9534(00)00032-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/plants8040085"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pce.13962"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.16108"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-03127-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aobpla\/ply006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2435.12790"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/ert249"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.264.5157.421"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-012-2531-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tpj.15501"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-8137.1999.00466.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.13001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3040.2005.01392.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.14496"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.12547"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2009.02830.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1757-1707.2010.01062.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12396"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11105-008-0070-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2745.12211"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00380920"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2006.01712.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bbb.15"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2004.00974.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012614440-6\/50017-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","unstructured":"Soil Survey Staff.2015.Natural Resources Conservation Service United States Department of Agriculture. Official soil series descriptions. Available at\u00a0https:\/\/www.nrcs.usda.gov\/wps\/portal\/nrcs\/detail\/soils\/scientists\/?cid=nrcs142p2_053587"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.13.7051"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2001GB001807"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3040.2005.01453.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-8137.2002.00525.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.118.301742"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/FP07020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.91.3.1143"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.84.2.461"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2041-210X.2011.00153.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00317710"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1466-822x.2005.00172.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2005.01349.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_69_1","first-page":"5599","article-title":"Leaf economics spectrum in rice: leaf anatomical, biochemical, and physiological trait trade\u2010offs","volume":"69","author":"Xiong D.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Botany"}],"container-title":["Plant, Cell &amp; Environment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/pce.14433","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/pce.14433","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/pce.14433","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/pce.14433","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,22]],"date-time":"2023-08-22T00:11:04Z","timestamp":1692663064000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/pce.14433"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/pce.14433"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/pce.14433","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0140-7791","1365-3040"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0140-7791","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-3040","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-06-28","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-09-04","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-09-20","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}