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However, the synergistic involvement of H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>S and rhizobia in photosynthetic carbon (C) metabolism in soybean (<jats:italic>Glycine max<\/jats:italic>) under nitrogen (N) deficiency has been largely overlooked. Therefore, we scrutinised how H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>S drives photosynthetic C fixation, utilisation, and accumulation in soybean\u2010rhizobia symbiotic systems. When soybeans encountered N deficiency, organ growth, grain output, and nodule N\u2010fixation performance were considerably improved owing to H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>S and rhizobia. Furthermore, H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>S collaborated with rhizobia to actively govern assimilation product generation and transport, modulating C allocation, utilisation, and accumulation. Additionally, H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>S and rhizobia profoundly affected critical enzyme activities and coding gene expressions implicated in C fixation, transport, and metabolism. Furthermore, we observed substantial effects of H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>S and rhizobia on primary metabolism and C\u2013N coupled metabolic networks in essential organs via C metabolic regulation. Consequently, H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>S synergy with rhizobia inspired complex primary metabolism and C\u2013N coupled metabolic pathways by directing the expression of key enzymes and related coding genes involved in C metabolism, stimulating effective C fixation, transport, and distribution, and ultimately improving N fixation, growth, and grain yield in soybeans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pce.14643","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,12]],"date-time":"2023-06-12T07:06:05Z","timestamp":1686553565000},"page":"2523-2541","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["H<sub>2<\/sub>S works synergistically with rhizobia to modify photosynthetic carbon assimilation and metabolism in nitrogen\u2010deficient soybeans"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Ni\u2010Na","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland 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