{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T13:08:36Z","timestamp":1788959316763,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,7]],"date-time":"2024-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728259200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Plant Cell &amp; Environment"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the semi\u2010arid grasslands of the southwest United States, annual precipitation is divided between warm\u2010season (July\u2013September) convective precipitation and cool\u2010season (December\u2013March) frontal storms. While evidence suggests shifts in precipitation seasonal distribution, there is a poor understanding of the ecosystem carbon flux responses to cool\u2010season precipitation and the potential legacy effects on subsequent warm\u2010season carbon fluxes. Results from a two\u2010year experiment with three cool\u2010season precipitation treatments (dry, received 5th percentile cool\u2010season total precipitation; normal, 50th; wet, 95th) and constant warm\u2010season precipitation illustrate the direct and legacy effects on carbon fluxes, but in opposing ways. In wet cool\u2010season plots, gross primary productivity (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (ER) were 103% and 127% higher than in normal cool\u2010season plots. In dry cool\u2010season plots, GPP and ER were 47% and 85% lower compared to normal cool\u2010season plots. Unexpectedly, we found a positive legacy effect of the dry cool\u2010season treatment on warm\u2010season carbon flux, resulting in a significant increase in both GPP and ER in the subsequent warm season, compared to normal cool\u2010season plots. Our results reveal positive legacy effects of cool\u2010season drought on warm\u2010season carbon fluxes and highlight the importance of the relatively under\u2010studied cool\u2010growing season and its direct\/indirect impact on the ecosystem carbon budget.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pce.15175","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]],"date-time":"2024-10-08T05:13:57Z","timestamp":1728364437000},"page":"943-952","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Direct and Legacy Effects of Varying Cool\u2010Season Precipitation Totals on Ecosystem Carbon Flux in a Semi\u2010Arid Mixed Grassland"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5479-6214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fangyue","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Natural Resources and the Environment University of Arizona Tucson Arizona USA"},{"name":"USDA Agricultural Research Service Southwest Watershed Research Center Tucson Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1831-461X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joel A.","family":"Biederman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA Agricultural Research Service Southwest Watershed Research Center Tucson Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2798-5455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathan A.","family":"Pierce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA Agricultural Research Service Southwest Watershed Research Center Tucson Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1757-3484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel L.","family":"Potts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department SUNY Buffalo State Buffalo New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8597-8619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sasha C.","family":"Reed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Geological Survey Southwest Biological Science Center Moab Utah USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5785-6489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William K.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Natural Resources and the Environment University of Arizona Tucson Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa1668"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aab1833"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2016.03.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aba2724"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2017.11.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.13686"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2003GL018726"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.18.9729"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0555-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1934659"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1936309"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-011-1975-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","first-page":"207","volume-title":"Precipitation Change in the United States","author":"Easterling D. 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