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Yet, no study has experimentally evaluated drought\u2010induced tree mortality risk following acclimation to elevated temperatures with low or high VPD. Three tree species of contrasting temperature and drought tolerances (<jats:italic>Prunus mahaleb, Quercus robur<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Populus nigra<\/jats:italic>) underwent a growing season of acclimation to elevated temperature and\/or VPD, and a lethal drought the following year until stem hydraulic failure was confirmed through micro\u2010CT. Our mechanistic approach to assess temperature and VPD acclimation impacts on drought\u2010induced mortality includes tracking stomatal conductance (g<jats:sub>s<\/jats:sub>), minimum stomatal conductance (g<jats:sub>min<\/jats:sub>), total leaf area (LA<jats:sub>tot<\/jats:sub>), water potential at turgor loss point (\u03a8<jats:sub>TLP<\/jats:sub>), and estimating the time to hydraulic failure using modelling. Acclimation to elevated VPD and temperature accelerated stomatal closure, reduced g<jats:sub>min<\/jats:sub>, and raised \u03a8<jats:sub>TLP<\/jats:sub>. In contrast, while high temperature reduced g<jats:sub>min<\/jats:sub>, it also increased LA<jats:sub>tot<\/jats:sub> and height. Consequently, hydraulic failure occurred faster in high\u2010temperature\u2010acclimated trees, while it was generally delayed by adding higher VPD. Our findings highlight that the balancing effects of temperature\u2010driven leaf area expansion, which accelerate mortality, and VPD\u2010driven acclimation in stomatal sensitivity, counteract each other, stabilising the timing of mortality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pce.15490","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,28]],"date-time":"2025-03-28T22:56:06Z","timestamp":1743202566000},"page":"4997-5008","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Acclimation to High Vapor Pressure Deficit in Warmer Air Can Reduce Tree Vulnerability to Drought\u2010Induced Mortality"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2676-7837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Mekarni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Ecology Research Laboratory PERL, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, EPFL Lausanne Switzerland"},{"name":"Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL Birmensdorf Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Herv\u00e9","family":"Cochard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF Clermont\u2010Ferrand France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9113-3671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charlotte","family":"Grossiord","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Ecology Research Laboratory PERL, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, EPFL Lausanne Switzerland"},{"name":"Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL Birmensdorf Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.17640"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2025251118"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.14787"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12269"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","unstructured":"Bourli\u00e8re F.1969. \u201cPolunin O. \u2014 Flowers of Europe. 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