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However, the potential of FLV in crop improvement and chilling tolerance remains poorly understood. To address this, transgenic tobacco plants expressing the FLVA and FLVB genes from\n                    <jats:italic>Physcomitrium patens<\/jats:italic>\n                    were used to examine the influence of FLV on plant biomass and chilling tolerance. The results indicated that the steady\u2010state CO\u2082 assimilation rate (\n                    <jats:italic>A<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>N<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) was not altered by the introduction of FLV. However, during shade\u2010sun transitions, FLV lines exhibited higher stomatal conductance and\n                    <jats:italic>A<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>N<\/jats:sub>\n                    compared to wild\u2010type (WT) plants. Consequently, plant biomass under fluctuating light significantly increased by 21% in FLV Line 8 compared to WT plants. Furthermore, stomatal density, leaf mass per area and leaf nitrogen content per area were significantly enhanced in Line 8 plants. Even though some variability between lines presents, these results suggest that FLV can regulate plant growth through multiple effects on leaf physiology. At chilling temperature and high light, the over\u2010reduction of the photosynthetic electron transfer chain was significantly mitigated in FLV lines compared to WT plants, thereby reducing chilling\u2010induced photoinhibition of photosystem I and II. These results provide insights into the potential application of FLV in crop improvement.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pce.70476","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T09:36:59Z","timestamp":1773999419000},"page":"4803-4818","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Flavodiiron Proteins Increase Plant Biomass Under Fluctuating Light and Enhance Chilling Tolerance in Tobacco"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1854-6995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Key Laboratory of Forest Ecosystem Stability and Global Change, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Mengla Yunnan China"},{"name":"Kunming Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Kunming 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