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Here, we combined rapid infrared induced\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>\n                      <jats:italic>leaf<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sub>\n                    fluctuations with controlled step changes in light intensity for leaf gas exchange measurements to disentangle how each factor, and their interaction, affects stomatal conductance (\n                    <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>\n                      <jats:italic>s<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sub>\n                    ) and net CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    assimilation (\n                    <jats:italic>A<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) in cucumber plants grown under constant light or FL. Modest but rapid increases in\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>\n                      <jats:italic>leaf<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sub>\n                    (~3\u00b0C) alone triggered a pronounced wrong\u2011way\u2013like stomatal response, leaf movements due to change in epidermal cell turgor, and transient (but long\u2010lasting) decrease in\n                    <jats:italic>A<\/jats:italic>\n                    . This transient decrease in\n                    <jats:italic>A<\/jats:italic>\n                    disappeared under low O\u2082, indicating a photorespiratory origin. When\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>\n                      <jats:italic>leaf<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sub>\n                    and light increased simultaneously, both\n                    <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>\n                      <jats:italic>s<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sub>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>A<\/jats:italic>\n                    responded faster and more strongly than to light alone, with cumulative enhancement across successive cycles. Plants acclimated to FL displayed larger transient increases in\n                    <jats:italic>A<\/jats:italic>\n                    and maintained higher integrated carbon gain under combined fluctuations. Our findings demonstrate that realistic, rapid\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>\n                      <jats:italic>leaf<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sub>\n                    dynamics exert strong biomechanical and biochemical influences on dynamic gas exchange that are distinct from steady\u2010state responses and should be explicitly considered in experimental design and dynamic photosynthesis models.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pce.70509","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T06:45:49Z","timestamp":1775198749000},"page":"5005-5021","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Concurrent Temperature and Light Intensity Fluctuations Promote Stomatal Opening and Non\u2010Steady State Photosynthesis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4011-7396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samikshya","family":"Shrestha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Horticulture and Product Physiology, Plant Science Group Wageningen University and Research Wageningen the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9081-9604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elias","family":"Kaiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Horticulture and Product Physiology, Plant Science Group Wageningen University and Research Wageningen the Netherlands"},{"name":"Research, Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences Seoul National University Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7675-3274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah R.","family":"Berman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Horticulture and Product Physiology, Plant Science Group Wageningen University and Research Wageningen the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3529-1616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maarten L. 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