{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T11:54:15Z","timestamp":1791287655851,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777852800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777852800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32341040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32341040"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32272640"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32272640"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Plant Cell &amp; Environment"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Cross\u2010kingdom RNA interference has emerged as an important mechanism in plant\u2013pathogen interactions, yet how fungal small RNAs coordinate host immune suppression remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that\n                    <jats:italic>Alternaria alternata<\/jats:italic>\n                    f. sp.\n                    <jats:italic>mali<\/jats:italic>\n                    , the causal agent of apple leaf spot, suggests microRNA\u2010like RNAs (milRNAs) into host tissues in association with extracellular vesicles (EVs). Small RNA sequencing of fungal EVs identified multiple milRNAs, among which\n                    <jats:italic>AamilR251<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>AamilR292<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>AamilR004<\/jats:italic>\n                    were the three most abundant species. These\n                    <jats:italic>AamilRNAs<\/jats:italic>\n                    target three apple (\n                    <jats:italic>Malus domestica<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) immune\u2010related kinases (\n                    <jats:italic>MdMAPKKK1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>MdRLK2<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>MdMAPKK6<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). Molecular and genetic analyses revealed that these proteins form an interconnected signalling module and a linear phosphorylation cascade (MdRLK2\u2010MdCRK10\u2010MdMAPKKK1\u2010MdMAPKK6) required for effective defence activation. Deletion of individual\n                    <jats:italic>AamilRNAs<\/jats:italic>\n                    significantly attenuated fungal virulence and restored expression of their respective host targets. Conversely, overexpression of\n                    <jats:italic>MdMAPKKK1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>MdRLK2<\/jats:italic>\n                    or\n                    <jats:italic>MdMAPKK6<\/jats:italic>\n                    enhanced resistance to infection. Pull\u2010down assays identified MdCRK10 as an interacting partner of MdRLK2, forming a complex with MAPKs that activates defence signalling. MdRLK2 phosphorylates MdCRK10 at S144 and S363, and mutation of these sites disrupts signal transduction and compromises disease resistance. These findings reveal a central immune signalling network in apple and identify key components for improving resistance against fungal pathogens.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/pce.70573","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T03:39:18Z","timestamp":1777952358000},"page":"5829-5848","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Fungal MicroRNA\u2010Like RNAs Facilitate Convergent Attack on a Host Immune Signalling Network"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Jinqi","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Fruit Cell and Molecular Breeding China Agricultural University Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shun","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Fruit Cell and Molecular Breeding China Agricultural University Beijing 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